Biol 2110 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 5 – 7Lecture 5 (February 11)Microbe-Human Interactions- Mortality rate – total number of deaths- Morbidity rate – total number of illnesses - Incidence – new cases- Prevalence – total cases- Endemic – steady- Sporadic – irregular, random - Epidemic – increasing beyond expected- Pandemic – spread across countries- Nosocomial – an infection you picked up in a health care setting, weakened defenses, movement of staff and visitorsLecture 6 (February 18) Human Immune System- Innate – first line defense phagocytosis inflammation, present at birth- Adaptive – acquired- Functions of a healthy immune system o Surveillance of the bodyo Recognition of foreign materialo Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign- Microbial antagonism- Activities of normal microbiota make it hard for pathogens to compete- Erythrocytes – carry O2 and CO2 in blood- Platelets – blood clotting- Leukocytes – white blood cells, involved in defending the body against invaders- Pathogen Associated Patterns – PAMPs, shared molecules - Pathogen Recognition Receptors – PRRs, receptors on WBC’s for PAMPs- Phagocytosis – phagocytes, main stepso Chemotaxis – movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulio Adherenceo Ingestiono Killingo Elimination- Macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells- Lysosomes – digest “bad stuff”- Nonphagocytic killing – does not engulf the “bad stuff”o Eosinophils – attack parasitic worms by attaching to their surface and secreting toxinso Basophils – allergic responses- Complement – set of serum proteins designated numerically, cascading reactionso Classical – antibodies activate complemento Alternate – pathogens activate complement o Lectin – microbial polysaccharides bind to activating molecules- Inflammation – redness, heat, swelling, and pain- Antigen – molecules interact with T and B cells, receptors, specificity and memoryo Must be highly regulated, takes a long time to become adaptive - B lymphocytes – bone marrow, secrete antibodies, humoral immune responses- T lymphocytes – thymus, does not secrete antibodies, cell-mediated immune responses- Adaptive (specific) immune response – average 2 weeks to become effective- TH cells – helper T cells - TC cells – cytotoxic T cells, recognize viruses, infections, binds to infected cells “shoots” and kill infected cells- Cytokins – chemical- Clonal Selection Theory – once stimulated, some sit as memory cells, when a correct “perfect match” lymphocyte is found it is cloned- First introduction of each type of antigen into the immune system selects a genetically distinct lymphocyte – at time of infection, only ones that will be beneficial are selected to clone all other are sitting- Immunoglobulin – large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cellso 2 identical heavy chains (H)o 2 identical light chains (L)o Y shaped arrangementso Receptors of b cellso Antigen binding sites on ends- 4 polypeptide chains – makes different shapes, binds to different molecules- B Cell Responses – Humoral Response, in massive amounts, areas of invasion, leads to destruction- T Cell Responses – Thymus, NEVER will be secreted, used to lock to cell- 2 polypeptide chains- T Lymphocyteso TC – destroyo TH - regulate- Superantigens – over stimulate T cells, dangerous- Active Immunity o Naturally acquired – had disease, now immune, chicken poxo Artificially acquired – part of a pathogen, body recognizes future pathogen and attacks, vaccineo Passive – no memory cells- 4 most important immunoglobulin’s: GAMEo IgG – exposed, placentao IgA – mucous, secretions, breast milko IgM – recent infectiono IgE – allergies- Vaccination – inject with cowpox, artificial active immunity , antigenic but not pathogenic- Herd immunity – population of people protect a smaller group of those, not immuneLecture 7 (February 25)Prokaryotic Cells- Most diverse group of cellular microbes- Ubiquitous – found everywhere- Archaea – only a few cause diseases, like really hot/cold- Bacteria – found nearly everywhere- Binary fission – “dividing into two”- A cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and one (or a few) chromosomes- Prokaryotes – no nucleus - Appendageso Fimbriae Hair like bristles Function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces Tannins – interferes with adhesion in cells, cranberry juice for UTI’so Flagella 3 parts: filament, hook, basal body propel cell forward Monotrichous – single flagellum at end Lophotrichous – small bunches emerging from same site Amphitrichous – flagella at both ends Peritrichous – flagella dispersed over cell surface CCW – smooth CW – tumbles Chemotaxis and phototaxis (chemical and light stimuli) Internal flagella – axial filaments T. Pallidum – syphilis has axial filaments No flagella, but squiggles = axial filamentso Pili Hollow tubes/tunnels Function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation Transfers or exchanges genetic material Sex pili- Ribosomes – protein synthesis- All cells have plasma membranes- Nucleoid - area inside cell where genetic material in found but no covering - Almost all cells have cell walls- Glycolyces – SURROUND the outside if the cell- Aerotolerant – not killed by O2- S-mudans – normal flora in mouth- Capsule – inhibits phagocytosis, type of glycocalyx- Bacterial Cell Walls – peptidoglycan, gram positive and gram negative, osmotic pressure- Peptidoglycan – connected by glycosidic bonds, sugar, peptide bonds only form between M units- Gram positive – blue stain, lots of peptidoglycan, staph- Gram negative – pink stain, 2 layers, outer membrane is similar to cell membrane bilayer structure and contain lipopolysaccharides, upper layer contains porin proteins, bottom layer is thin sheet of peptidoglycan, E.Coli- LPS – endotoxin, E. Coli 0:57H…- Nontypical Cell Walls – mycobacterium, gram positive with mycolic acid, mycoplasma – no cell wall, stabilized by sterols- Chromosomes – nucleoid – genetic material with no covering- Plasmids- Ribosomes- Cytoskeleton- Endospores – clostridium, bacillus, and sporosarcina, bacterial are the toughest to treat- Anthrax, Tetanus, Botox, Colitis- Cholera – causes very severe diarrhea- Rickettsias – tick bite, body lice, typhus- Chlamydia – STD, 60% have