GEO 101 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture 1. Major Labels 2. Royalties 3. Radio Numbers 4. Brief History 5. Rise of networks 6. Regulation 7. Golden Age of Radio 8. Reacting to TV: 3 Keys9. Dayparts10. Concentration and Fragmentation 11. Early Movie Technology 12. The Movie West Outline of Current Lecture 1. The Star System 2. The Golden Age3. Global Dimensions4. Production 5. The People in the Credits6. Distribution 7. Domestic Theatrical 8. ExhibitionCurrent LectureChapter 8: Movies Persistence and vision Early movie technology Motion picture petents company (trust)The move westThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.The Star System TEST- Audiences demand popular actors; studios put actors under contract - Theatres demand actors; studios see power- Put actors under contract and promo - Block booking: force independent threatres to show movies with no stars to get movies with establishesd starsTEST- Blind booking: Force independent theatres to reserve movies without previewing them (hit independents) TEST- United Artists 1919: distribute films: Charlie Chaplin, mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Rudolph Valentino Global Influence of Film Art - German Expressionism: Dark style, pessimistic: Psycho (1960)- Soviet Social Realism: Focus on masses, violence: Bonnie and Clyde (1968); Saving Private Ryan (1998) - French Surrealism: Reject social standards of taste and acceptability; brutal images: Matriz (1999)- Italian neorealism: End of WWII, Social problems: Training Day (2001), Kill Bill (2003) - French New Wave: Autur: Director’s distinctive style The Golden Age: 1930-1950 - 1946: 90 million a week (75% of the population); today 20 million (7.5%) TEST- Weekly ritual, double feature, newsreels, cartoons, door prize - Sound: 1927: enough theaters with equipment - Newsreels: film clips on current events with sound - Jazz Singer Al Jolson: establish technology and popularity of sound; 354 spoken words, mostly silent film- Color: 1939: Perfected in Gone With The Wind and The Wizard of Oz, both in 1939 - Special Effects: King Kong (1933) and The Invisible Man (1933) - Movie going is part of American Culture o Little Caesar (1930), Edward G. Robinson, organized crime in prohibitiono Dracula (1931), Bela Lugosi, Frankenstein 1931, Boris Karloff, Horror o Duck Soup (1933), Marx Brothers, Comedy - Africa-American Films TEST- Separate film industry: Harlem, NY City TEST- Oscar Micheaux: produced, directed, and distributed 46 movies- Paul Robeson: moved to Europe - Sidney Poitier: First black mainstream star, Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner (1967) - Courts force end of star system: 1948 Paramount Decision, monopoly ended; ban blind and block booking; studios can’t own theatres (change in 1980 under Reagan); TV COMINGReacting to TV- By early 60s, 90% US homes had TV - Movie reacto Drive ins o Sound systemso Wide screens: cinemascope o Spectaculars o 3-D, Smell-o-Vision o Topics not on TV: Sex, violence, social issues - 1953: TV switch from live to film - Studios became more involved in production - 1955: Hollywood release own movies to TV - Today, studios produce majority of TV movies Adapting to New Technology - 1980s: Movies fear VCRs - MPAA fight home sale of VCRs - 1983: Sony BetaMax case supreme court rules home VCR recording for private use is not copyright violation Digital Technology - 1990s: Studios use computers for digital editing and special effects- Disney’s Toy Story (1995) first movie produced entirely by computers - Digital projection and distribution: film copies $1,500 each, plus shipping - Studios save few billion a year with digital transmission; 2009 90% digitally released- 3-D 2011, 3,000 theatres in US had at lease 1 3-D- Digital makes pirating easier- Online distribution: download for as little as 99 centsGlobal Dimensions TEST- Today US film industry collects 80% of world’s film revenues, though it produces about 15% of the world’s films TEST- Can flop in US and still make big money - India produces about 800 films a year, most in the world; Brazil, China, and Japan and many others have thriving film industries TESTMovie Industry - Average cost of producing and marketing US film is now more than 96 million- Many cost much more than the average: Ex. Titanic 1997 – 200 million - Major studios typically release about 15-20 films a year - Estimate of US industry average rate of return: 3% Production TEST- Preproduction: planning phase, including script developments, casting, budgeting, scheduling, set and costume design, location, scouting, set construction and special effects design - Production is the actual shooting phase, very hectic and expensive- Postproduction: final phase, including film and sound editing, soundtrack scoring, special effects integration and technical improvements such as color correction The Production Company - The Major Studios: The Big Six: Paramount, Sony, Warner Bros., Disney, 20th century fox, universal - Now more in the financing and distribution businesses than in the production business; do for independent producers; no star system - Independent Films: Not made by one of the major studios; lower budget and more creative freedom; growing market at theaters and on TV Top Hollywood Studios TableThe Production Team GraphThe People in the Credits TEST- Executive Producer: Finds financing and puts the package together - Line Producer (Production managers): Lead the day-to-day work of making the film - Directors: create vision: pre, production and post production Director’s Cut: Version director delivers studio - Second-Unit Director: Movie directors in charge of shooting the scenes that do not require the stars - Writer: Turns idea into a script; team/committee; rework book, short stories - Actors: Tend to rely on big name; many others- Editors: Selects shots, sequence; sets pace and rhythm; Ex. Apocalypse Now: 230 hours down to 2 hours and 35 minutes- Cinematographer: director of photography; charge of cameras and works with director for set upshots - Art Director: Designs the physical look of the film - Continuity Supervisor: Also called Scrip Supervisor: Makes sure each day’s shots match up- Key Grip: Set up and move cameras - Gaffer: Lighting director- Best boy: Gaffer’s assistant Distribution TEST- Marketing Window: opportunity to sell, rent or license a product to a different