NTRES 2201 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 121-29 (Wilderness)Who defines what nature/wilderness is? Who gets to use the wilderness? Gender and class sometimes play a role in access (today wealthy industrialists get a lot of access to nature). According to Cronan, trying to escape life by entering wilderness is foolish and damaging because wilderness does notexist. You can’t do much because you have to stay on trails, don’t cut trees, etc. We can’t improve out lives if we are stuck in the make-believe of the wilderness, especially a wilderness that doesn’t exist because we fabricated it in our own minds. McKibbon agrees that nature doesn’t exist, but only because we destroyed it. He says that “chainsaws will always taint the wilderness.” The ultimate escape comes down to imagination, but we’ve lost this because we no longer know if the “natural” beauty we see is what should/was meant to be. Others argue a variety of points: beautiful wilderness numbs us to the beauty around us vs helps us see it more. According to Orr, formal education is failing because of separation between subjects. Experiential learning is diminishing because we are taught indoors. In nature we must balance wonder with trepidation, and don’t be afraid to get angry t those who destroy nature’s beauty. Globalization is important. We should get out more, let ourselves fall in love with places,don’t separate school subjects by space, and allow ourselves to transcend place as global citizens.2-3 (Leopold, Almanac, and Social Theory)Who is Leopold? He was born to well-off parents in the late 1800s and graduated from Yale’s forestry school. His historical context lines up with Roosevelt creating dozens of parks and a growth in people visiting said parks. What is Sand County Almanac? A series of essays written by Leopold, Almanac was published the year after his death. One of its features is the idea of a triangle between ecology, ethics and esthetics. Esthetics is a synonym of beautiful, and implies the concept that beautiful places often hide huge ecological issues. Overall, the Almanac grows from person to universal, experiential to intellectual, and descriptive to prescriptive. What is social theory? A human-centered idea, social theory explores people and objects that have transcended their environments. Interestingly, however, we still look to environmental determinism to explain behavior. Another aspect of social theory is that the way we “produce” nature is more important than it physical existence, and that we only pay attention to it if we can benefit from it or it can destroy us. What talking about environmental policy, ask yourself what, why, who, by who, and how. Let’s talk about the Enlightenment. Barry says it is to blame for our environmental issues. Some themes of the Enlightenment are rationalization, efficiency, possibility of progress, and democratization. New ideas emerge in the Enlightenment such as self-regulating market, engineering social solutions, and secularization. The Democratic and Industrial revolutions underpinned Enlightenment thought. The Industrial Revolution included separation of tasks, mechanization, people becoming “deskilled,” decreased prices, rise of the consumer class, increased transport, population growth, and a concentration on agriculture. 2-5 (Key figures of the Enlightenment)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.As you consider these people, ask yourself: How does this person believe nature works? How do they believe human society works? What do they believe is the proper role of government? David Hume:the science of man is experience and observation, behaviors can be explained by motives, and the idea of empiricism. Emanuel Kant: we are dictated by theories and cannot observe with a blank mind; wrote Critic of Pure Reason. Hobbes: believes nature and humans are competitive, and the solution is a strong government to protect ourselves against ourselves. Herbert Spencer: believed in social Darwinism (also coined “survival of the fittest”) and that the government should not interfere with this. John Locke: father of classic liberalism (not the political kind), believes humans nature is characterized by reason/experience, societies progress by and are limited by resources, believes unused nature is a waste,and the government should help us overcome our limits through colonization, protecting our ability to keep wealth, and creating a monetary economy. Adam Smith: wrote Wealth of Nations, was a fan of letting everyone try to progress themselves which would lead to the progression of society, labor should be divided, and the government should protect our right to pursue out personal interests. Durkheim: believed in division of nature, traditional society (mechanical solidarity) vs modern society (organic solidarity). There are critiques of Enlightenment thought including: 1) Not everyone can benefit, so we’ll end up with a class society, 2) These people are overly optimistic about our ability to progress indefinitely, 3) Can progress really do all this? (Malthus), and 4) Population vs progress (Malthus). What is the Democratic Revolution? It is defined by a decline in monarchs, a decline in the authority of religion, and emergence of the idea of rights, social mobility (rags to riches), and government interest in rights and social mobility.2-10 (Economics, Market, and Tragedy of Commons)What is economics? This is a form of social theory which can be descriptive or prescriptive. Examines “relative influence,” and pretends not to be ideological. It suggests that it isn’t natural for the government to stomp on individuals. Who is Barry? He says that “anyone who believes in unlimited growth is either a madman or and economist.” He aims to solve issues to limited resources through these arguments: 1) We don’t need infinite growth, 2) We don’t need growth, just progress, and 3) Possibly technology can turn non-resources into resources. How about the market? It requires scarcity, and includes these commodities: separation of the whole into parts, competition, and voluntary exchange. In Tragedy of the Commons, it is argues that pursuing our own interests will lead to ruin, because all rational individuals try to maximize productivity, which creates issues in common spaces. We need to