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ISU BIO 112 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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BIO 112 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 11 19 Lecture 11 What is Cancer 1 Cancer statistics a Cancer is the second leading cause of death behind heart disease b 550 000 people a year die from cancer in the US i 1 in 3 people in the US will get cancer ii 1 in 4 people in the US will die of cancer iii Roughly 1 500 people in the US die each day from cancer c Over 200 known clinical classifications of cancer 2 Cancer research a Cancer research strives to not only find a cure for cancer but also attempt to improve the quality of life of cancer patients b Cancer organizations i National Cancer Institute ii American Cancer Society c Clinical trials i Cells animal models humans more humans 3 Common cancers a Four most common types of cancer in the US i Lung cancer ii Breast cancer iii Colon cancer iv Prostate cancer b Ovarian cancer and pancreatic cancer are the most deadly 4 Cancer prevention a Lifelong health good diet and exercise are the best ways to prevent cancer 5 Prostate cancer a Most commonly diagnosed cancer in men other than skin cancer b Prostate cancer rates vary due to several factors c Although prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in men more men die each year from lung cancer d Prostate cancer is typically not deadly e Risk factors i Age 1 Average age is 68 and older ii Race ethnicity 1 More African Americans are diagnosed than Caucasians iii Socioeconomic status 1 Lower class is more likely to develop cancer since health care and preventative care is not easily accessible iv Geography 6 7 8 9 1 More cases of prostate cancer in industrialized Western countries US Australia parts of Europe a Higher cancer death rates in Western countries 2 Rates also vary across the US a More common in southern states v Index finger length Cancer is good cells gone bad a Rogue cells divide and create mass of abnormal cells Common cancer terms a Tumor mass of rogue cells i Benign tumor confined to one site 1 Can be surgically removed ii Malignant tumor invasive and spreading to new sites b Metastasis the process of spreading c Tumor markers markers found in the blood that can detect a tumor d Angiogenesis the development of new blood vessels Fighting cancer a Typical methods to fight cancer also harm normal cells i Therefore causing cancer patients to become sick b Attacking the most deadly aspects of cancer might slow down the cancer and give people time to heal i Such as tumor removal c Attacking angiogenesis is also a treatment option i Can be attacked with medications HeLa Cells a George Otto Grey a scientist cultured the cells of Henrietta Lacks b HeLa cells have been kept alive in labs since 1951 c Although the cells were cancerous the cells still acted like normal cells in many ways d Used for numerous medical advances i Find genes that cause cancer ii Develop medication for herpes influenza and other diseases iii Develop polio vaccine Lecture 12 Cell Lives Division and Apoptosis 1 Cancer starts with normal cells 2 Cell division a Ability to reproduce is one of the traits that defines as cell as a living organism b Three types of cell division i Binary fission ii Mitosis iii Meiosis 3 Binary fission a Asexual reproduction b Binary fission splitting in two c Occurs in prokaryotes i Prokaryotes lack a membrane bound nucleus 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d Steps of binary fission i DNA replicated ii Cytoplasm divides iii Cells separate Mitosis a Asexual reproduction or growth of individual b Occurs in eukaryotes i Eukaryotes contain a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes c Steps of mitosis i DNA molecules replicated ii Replicated DNA is positioned at the cell center iii DNA molecules are segregated to opposite sides 1 Cytokinesis iv One complete copy of DNA to each cell Meiosis a Sexual reproduction b Halving the chromosome set to make gametes i Daughter cells contain half the DNA of parent cells 1 Examples of daughter cells sperm eggs c Gametes are the only cells in the body made through meiosis What happens when normal cells become cancerous a Cancer cells proliferate excessively and evade apoptosis i Exhibit accelerated growth ii Or do not respond to normal signals that tell cells when to divide or die Cancer cells don t respond as expected to cell growth regulators a Positive growth regulators i Promote cell division 1 Example to heal a wound b Negative growth regulators i Stop mitosis 1 Example when cells become too crowded Apoptosis a Programmed cell death b Normal cells have limits to the number of times they can divide before they die i Apoptosis damage and then cell is digested c Embryonic stem cells can override controls and divide indefinitely i Cancer cells act similar to embryonic stem cells 1 Cancer cells can divide forever 2 Chromosomes never fray 3 Cancer cells proliferate excessively and evade apoptosis Breast cancer a Women age 40 or older should have mammograms every one to two years b 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer i Risk increases with age ii Risk increases for women with no children or women who have children after 30 iii Risk increases if woman drink more than one to two alcoholic drinks a day iv Exposure to radiation through radiation therapy increases the risk Cancer can be inherited a Can be genetically predisposed to have cancer b About 5 to 10 of all cancers result from the inheritance of an abnormal gene i Oncogenes are mutated forms of normal genes c Cancer in a close relative is more of a concern than a distant relative d Types of heritable cancers i Breast and ovarian cancers ii Colon and endometrial cancers e Breast cancer can be inherited if one inherits a BRCA 1 gene or a BRAC 2 gene i Risk can be up to 80 if one inherits the genes ii Increases risk for developing other cancers iii In the US most often Jewish women of eastern European origin inherit the genes but can be found in any race ethnicity Lecture 13 How do cancerous mutations develop 1 DNA a Located in the nucleus of a cell b In the nucleus DNA is not neatly packaged i Packaged in chromosomes when arranged 2 Chromosomes a Chromosomes contain DNA b Genes are located in chromosomes c 46 chromosomes i 23 from each parent 3 Meiosis a How genes get from parent to offspring b Steps i Diploid cells reproduce chromosomes ii Divide chromosomes among daughter cells iii Meiosis halves the chromosome number 1 Diploid cells haploid cells gametes 4 Mitosis maintains the chromosome number a Diploid cells diploid cells b Occurs as the body grows or repairs itself 5


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ISU BIO 112 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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