Microbiology 2800 Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 1-5Lecture 1/2 (February 12/17, 2015)AntibioticsCell wall inhibitors- Family I- Beta lactam antibioticso “-cillin” compounds B-lactam ring functional group House and garageo How does it work? Inhibits Peptidoglycan synthesis Prevents cross linkage of NAM/NAG Effective only when bacteria cells are growingo Better for G+o Adverse effects: Allergic reactions Diarrhea Nephritis Neurotoxicity Platelet dysfunction- Family II- “PEN like” antibioticso Vancomycin Interferes with alanine-alanine bridges in PPG “Big gun” antibiotic- powerful and effective (MRSA) Side effect: Red Man Syndrome G+ o Imipenem Resistant to B-lactamase B-lac choice for G-o Isoniazid and ethambutol Disrupt formation of arabinogalactan-mycolic acid (PPG equivalent) For Gram N/A species- Family III-cephalosporin antibioticso Structure Has B-lactam ring  2 sided R-group house and basemento Prevents cross linkage of NAM/NAG by inhibiting transpeptidases “Generations” allow for specialization of treatment- Each one active against different organism classeso HEN PEcK Haemophilus influenza Enterobackter spp Neisseria spp Proteus Pseudomonas E. Coli Klebsiella 1st Gen: Cephalexin (Keflex)- Gram + and HEN 2nd gen: cefuroxime (zinacef)- Fewer G+ and HEN PEcK 3rd gen: ceftazidime (fortaz)- Can cross the blood-brain-barrier due to lipid solubility- Fewer G+ and HEN PEcK 4th gen: cefepime (maxipime)- Fewer G+ and PPEcK- Membrane disruption antibioticso Breaks down membranes through energyo Bacitracin and polymyxin (Neosporin) Works on simple G+/- organisms Topical use “Pore formers” via strong hydrophobic interactionso Daptomycin Goes after membranes G+ organisms inhibition of metabolism processesProtein synthesis inhibitors- CLEAn TAGo Chloramphenicol Clindamycino Lincomycino Erythromycino Azithromycino Tetracyclineo Aminoglycosides- Chloramphenicolo Very broado Only for life threatening infectionso HIGH side effects Bone marrow suppression Anemia Leukemia Grey baby syndrome- Lincomycin and clindamycinAttacks 50sAttacks 30so For anaerobic infections (TSST)o Less side effects- Erythromycino “Z-pack”o For G+ and G N/Ao Less active against strep and stapho Well tolerated- Azithromycin o Same as above- Tetracyclineo Broad spectrumo For all gram typeso High side effects Stains teeth Liver toxicity Diarrhea Inactivated by CALCIUM Not goof for kids- Aminoglycosideo For serious G-o IV onlyo High side effects High toxicity Kidney failure Hearing loss Will cross placenta- Synercido Man made for G+o Inhibits 50so Strep and staph resistant - Ocazolidones (zyvox)o Inhibits 50s protein synthesiso Treats MRSA and VREo Last line G+Metabolism inhibitors- Sulfonamideso First modern antibioticso Mimics PABA (makes folic acids)o For G-- Trimethoprimo Inhibits enzymes to produce folic acidso G-, UTIso Septra, Bactrim, cotrimNucleic acid inhibitors- Quinolones/flurorquinolones (-“flox)o Inhibits prokaryotic DNA gyraseo Ciprofloxacin- for prophylaxis and anthraxo Norfloxacin- G+ and G-, UTIso Lerofloxacin- STDs, skin infectionso (For pre and post operation)- Rifampino Inhibits RNA polymeraseo For G+ and G-, TBAntivirals- Slows and blocks transcription- Nucleotide analogs- mimic ACGT baseso Competitive inhibitoro Ex: acyclovir/ nalacyclovir, AZT, lamivuqine- Entry and exit blockerso Zanamivero Tamiflu- influenza only- Interferons (IFNs)o Noncompetitive inhibitorAntifungals- Synthetic –azoleso Broad spectrumo Attacks ergosterol (our form of cholesterol)- Miconazoleo Topical for skin, mouth and vagina- Ketoconazoleo Oral/topical for cutaneous mucoses- Fluconazoleo Used for AIDS (strongest)o High toxicityAntiparasitic- Quinineo Slows parasitic growtho Chloroquine/primaquine-less toxic- Flagylo C. DiffAnti Helminthes (worms)- Worm energy drainers- Purantel pamoate- Piperazine- Mebendazole and thiabendazoleo Pinworm/hookworm/tapeworm.Lecture 3/4 (February 17/19, 2015) Diarrhea and GI infectionsOral infections- Streo Mutans creates biofilms- Creates plaque, dental caries, and gingivitis- 2 types:o Gingivitis  Swelling, loss of normal contour, patches of rednesso Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG) Severe pain, bleeding and necrosis “Trench Mouth”o Mumps Parotitis- swelling of cheeks Virus multiplies in slavery glands then invades other organs Caused by mumps virus Forms syncytia o Gastritis/gastric ulcers Sharp/burning pain in abdomen  Ulcers are lesions in the mucosa of the stomach (dissolve stomach acids) Complication: Gastric Carcinoma (cancer) CC: H. pylori (spirochete) VF: urease enzyme “Ammonia breath test”Food Borne Infections- you actually ingest live cells and multiply in host once consumedo Acute diarrhea  Most are self limiting Complications- Rapid dehydration multiple organ failure- Post infectious sequelae from LPS- Reiter’s Syndromeo “Cant see, cant pee, cant climb a tree”o Conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis- Guillain-Barre syndromeo Paralysiso Salmonella Fecal-oral spread Linked to dairy or raw poultry GRAM – VF: invasive enters and hides in cells after membrane ruffling Complication:- Typhoid fever: invasion of spleen or liver where bacteria gets to bloodstreamo High fever, rash on stomacho Shigella Aggressive vomiting- Very bad pain- Gooey, bloody- Fecal-oral spread- Takes less than 200 organisms to cause disease- VF: shiga toxin-inhibition of protein synthesis- VF: invasive-replicates inside intestinal cells- MUST TREAT W/ BACTRIMo E. Coli (5 Types)o EHEC In undercooked meat (hamburgers) Complication:- Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)o Kidney failure VF: Shiga toxin Antibiotics are contradicted o EIEC Bloody with pus Fecal oral spread VF: Invades gut mucosa No treatmento ETEC “Travelers diarrhea” Don’t drink water in Mexico VF: 2 toxins- Heat stable toxin (ST)- Heat Labile Toxin (LT)o EPEC In infants and toddlers VF: cell membrane rearrangements- Pedestal formations Contagiouso EAEC Slow-developing (chronic) Lasts for 14+ days VF: biofilms/clustering attachment to cell surface- Pulls cells out of place Use antibioticso C. Jejuni #1 bacterial cause of diarrhea VF; 2 toxins- Enterotoxin (cAMP)- Cytotoxin (PS) Spirochete (spiral shape) Cooked poultry