Biol 2061 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Types of SpeciationII. Mechanisms of SpeciationIII. Evolutionary and developmental BiologyIV. Hox GenesV. Developmental genes that affect growth rateOutline of Current LectureI. TaxonomyII. SystematicsIII. Phylogenetic treeIV. HomologiesV. Molecular systematicsVI. Cladistics approach Current LectureI. Taxonomy- a. field of biology concerned with the theory, practice and rules of classifying living and extinct and viruses.b. Hierarchical system c. Each group is called a taxond. Domaini. Highest levelThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Bacteria, archaea and eukaryae. Domains are similar in important waysi. DNA is the genetic materialii. Same genetic codeiii. RNA for protein synthesisiv. Plasma membranev. Glycolysis is the main metabolic pathway (all three domains)f. Naming-i. Binomial nomenclatureii. Genus name and species epithetiii. Genus name is always capitalizediv. Species name is never capitalizedv. Both names either italicized or underlined1. Ex. Ailuropoda melanoleucaII. Systematics-a. Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms,both extinct and modern.i. How things are relatedii. Phylogeny- evolutionary history of a species or a group of speciesiii. Constructed evolutionary treesIII. Phylogenetic tree-Descendants A B C D Ancestori. Clade- Is a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants of the common ancestor.Descendants A B C D Ancestorii. Most recent common ancestor- the most recent species which all species in the clade are directly descendants.iii. A diagram that describes phyologenyiv. A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among various speciesv. Based on current available informationvi. New species can be formed bya. Anagenesisb. Cladogenesisvii. Extant- still livingviii. Extinct- dead, no longer in existenceIV. Homologies-a. Similarities among various species that occur because they are derived from a common ancestor.V. Molecular systematics to find homologies-a. Genes can be homologies toob. DNA sequences from closely related species are more similar to each other than to sequences from distantly related speciesc. Most mutations are neutral if neutral mutation s occur at a constant rate then they can be used to measure evolutionary timeVI. Cladistic Approach-a. Phylogenetic trees or cladogramsb. Compares shared/not shared traitsi. Shared- shared primitive characterii. Not shared- shared derived characterc. Ingroup- monophyletic group we are interested in d. Outgroup- species or group of species that is most likely related to an ingroup. e. All traits shared by the outgroup and ingroup must have arisen in a common ancestor.f. **Occam’s Razor of the Principle of Parsimony**- the simplest explanation is likely to be