HSTR 102IH 1st Edition Lecture 12Western Civilization-Where?- First in Britain – as early as 1760’s- France -1820s/30s- Italy – 1840s/50s- Germany – 1860s- Russia/East – 1890s (big in 1930s)-A Revolution?- Case of England:- Gradual Change…- Not until 1830s were there more power loom weavers than hand looms- In textile industry – most important part of production was needlewoman’s skill/hand stitching- Hand power prevailed because of irreplaceability of skilled labor- -England:- Massively unskilled labor persisted well into 19th century- Nevertheless, Industrial Revolution fundamentally transformed life- Led to expansion of a capitalist business class (wealthy middle class)- Launched consumer revolution- Transformed labor from pre-industrial (family-based/land) to industrial- Massive displacement of individuals (remember enclosures, etc…)- Changed daily work patterns from varied to mechanized/clock based-Machines/Workers?- Machines were used for prepatory stages – hand labor for the rest of us- Problems with machines- Machines led to material wastage- More use of higher quality raw materials (greater expense)- Whereas skilled hand workers could do more with lesser quality materials- Market conditions also made reliance on machinery less profitable- To be profitable – machines had to be running continually – geared to large scale production- Hand labor thus more profitable in short run and less risky in long run- Workers were more practical than machines- Cheaper to install- More adaptable to various tasks- When they broke down they could be easily replaced- When they made a mistake – they could be fired- When there was no work to do – they could be let go- 1730s – Flying shuttle - invented – increased productivity of weavers- 1760s – Spinning Jenny- invented to keep up with weavers demand- Spinning Jenny – could spin up to 120 at a time - 1769 – water frame invented – produced high-quality cotton cloth- 1776 – steam engine first used = now a steady source and unlimited sourceof inanimate power- STEAM ENGINE did not require water or wind power. So factories could now be located anywhere-Consumer Revolution- By late 18th century Britain was a consumer society- Supply of goods increased as never before- Unprecedented demand for household goods: clothing, furniture, utensils, etc.- Porcelain manufacturer Josiah Wedgewood created demand for his goods: opened showrooms, used traveling salesmen who carried samples and catalogues- Fashion publications also encouraged new styles – that went quickly out of date – replaced with new styles- Fashion differentiation thus drove more demand- Not just from middle and upper classes, but now also among working classes – since clothe could now be purchased for cheaper- Industrial Revolution fundamentally transformed social life…- Changed varied daily work pattern – before established by the individual – to a mechanized, monotonous work schedule – policed by factory owner and agents- Before larger scale machine production, labor patterns were irregular (small workshop/home) – work day not always the same length- Long tradition of “Saint Monday” – after a bout of Saturday night drinking…- Child Labor:- Children always contributed to labor of family in pre-industrial period but with IR…- Child Labor advantageous to factory owners: cheap, could have easily disciplined to new tasks and long workday, children could be beaten and were adaptable.- IR changed child labor in 4 big ways:- 1 – Large #’s of children worked under one roof- 2- -Child employment became highly visible- -concentrated in center of town- 3 – Children worked away from parents- 4 – Replaced adult workers, instead of supplementing them Before labor laws, kids spent 13ish hour a day in factory, 6 days/week- Female labor important:- Women were perceived by factory owners/agents as more docile, and thus easier to manage than adult men- Supposedly less likely to join trade unions- Women more skilled at intricate handwork- Could be paid less than adult men since it was assumed they were not head ofhousehold needing a family wage- Women had more jobs than men in textile industry-Tensions- Luddities – machine breakers, particularly rampant 1811-16- Initial site was Nottinghamshire- Mostly men who resented new machines that replaced human skills- An army of 12,000 was marshaled to deal with widespread fear of Luddite violence- Executed or transported to colonies- Early 19th century had trade depression, unemployment, low wages, badharvests and high prices- Partly caused by wars with French (Revolution/Napoleon and Americans (1812)- Economic competition between men and women – significant feature of IR- Males repeatedly went on strike through 19th century when women introduced to labor force- Men frequently attacked women as “Class Traitors” – who sided with industrialists- Women argued they were simply trying to support themselves and families- Men also felt less respect in society since women were doing “skilled” labor and getting paid for it- Essential to masculinity were the notions of earning a “family wage”-Change?- First: resistance to time-discipline in factories- But, gradually workers accepted keeping of time and fought against amount of work- Workers mobilize to shorten work day, then be paid for overtime- Worker was vulnerable in marketplace since there was an abundance of laborthrough 19th century- Worker dependent on factory owner for livelihood- Factory workers thus reluctant to demonstrate weakness, sickness, or incompetence- 1830s – Campaign to est. 10-hour work day- 1830s/40s – public outcry over child labor conditions which provoked gov’t to investigate- 1833 Factory Act: No Child under 9 can work in factory, between 9-13 can work more than 8 hours per day and must have 3 hours of schoolingper day (usually at factory- 13-18 year olds can work no more than 12 hours/day- -Urbanization:- IR brought about urbanization- City was symbol of progress and pride in nation – at its most advanced- Though it also provoked fear of dirt and crowds- Cities – a place of pleasure and danger- “Urban Man” was described as “unhealthy and degenerate”- Between 1820-1914 – European society became increasingly urban - 1801 – 34% of Brits in cities- 1900 – 78%- -Haussmanization- Transformation