Psyc 412 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Stress versus Stressor II. Different aspects of the stress response (emotional, cognitive, physical, biochemical)III. Different types of stressors (life events versus daily hassles)IV. Fight or flight – basic ideas of Cannon’s researchV. Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome VI. Taylor’s Tend and Befriend approach VII. Psychological appraisal and the experience of stress appraisalVIII. Physiology of stressIX. Physical effects of long-term stressX. Allostatic load XI. Assessing the stress response XII. Dimensions of stressful events XIII. Psychological and physiological adaptation to stressXIV. PTSD XV. Chronic Stressors XVI. Socioeconomic status and health XVII. Stress in the workplace Outline of Current Lecture I. Coping II. Personality and copingIII. Moderators of the stress experienceIV. Negative Affectivity and coping/healthV. Optimism and coping/healthVI. Psychological control and coping/healthVII. Religion and copingVIII. Coping StyleIX. Problem-focused versus Emotion-focused X. Resources and coping XI. Flexibility in CopingXII. Ways of measuring coping outcomesXIII. Social Support and Coping/healthXIV. Direct effects versus Buffering hypothesis XV. Matching hypothesisXVI. Disclosure and coping/healthXVII. Coping InterventionsCurrent Lecture- Stress moderators: factors that modify how stress is experienced and the effects it has- Coping: the thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressfulo The relationship between coping and a stressful event is dynamic: coping is a set of responses occurring over time, by which the environment and the person influence each othero Moderated by the resources available to the individualo Breadth: the great many actions and reactions to stressful circumstances- Negative affectivity: a pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression and hostilityo These people express distress, discomfort and dissatisfaction for many situationso More prone to drink heavily, be depressed, be suicidal- Type D personality: similar to negative affectivity; characterized by the experience of negative emotions coupled with the inhibition of expressing these emotions in social contextso Distress and social inhibition are thought to be toxic to mental/physical health- Neuroticism is related to poor healtho Psychological distress involving depression, anger, hostility, and anxiety may form the core of a “disease-prone personality” that predisposes certain people to these disorders o People with these disorders less likely to respond well to treatment- Negativity can create a false impression of poor health when none exists- A positive emotional style has been tied to lower cortisol levels , better responses to vaccinations, resistance to illness after the flu, lower levels of CHD-related risk factors, and lower risk of death- An optimistic nature can lead people to cope more effectively with stress and thereby reduce their risk for illnesso May experience short-term physiological costs when expectations are not met- Psychological control: the belief that one can determine one’s own behavior, influence one’s environment, and bring about desired outcomeso Closely related to self-efficacy: a more narrow perception that one can take the necessary actions to obtain a specific outcome in a specific situationo Help people cope with a wide variety of stressful eventso Belief that one can control stressful events has been related to emotional well-beingo Used in interventions to promote good health habits- Control-enhancing interventions: make use of information, relaxation, and cognitive-behavioral techniques; are successful in reducing anxiety, improving coping, and enabling people to overcome the adverse effects of medical procedures more quickly- Self-esteem: high levels improve copingo At high levels of stress, the stressful events themselves can overwhelm the benefits of self-esteemo Ego strength: cluster of personalities (dependability, trust, lack of impulsivity) that appear to have health benefits- Conscientiousness is associated with longevity- More intelligent people live longer- Psychological resilience: characterized by the ability to bounce back from negative emotional experiences and to adapt flexibly to the changing demands of stressful experiences- Coping style: a propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular wayo Have origins in both genes and personal experienceso More specific than personality traits because come into play primarily when events become stressful- Proactive coping requires a set of important skills involving: o The ability to anticipate or detect potential stressors o Coping skills for managing them o Self-regulatory skills: processes through which people control, direct, and correct their actions as they move toward or away from various goalso Avoidant (minimizing) coping style: better with short-term threats than long-term ones Success depends on how long-term the threat iso Approach (confrontative, vigilant) coping style: more successful; tied to better mental and physical health outcomes Engage in the cognitive and emotional efforts needed to deal with long-term threats- Problem-focused coping: involves attempts to do something constructive about the stressful conditions that are harming, threatening, or challenging an individualo Coping skills emerge during childhood- Emotion-focused coping: involves efforts to regulate emotions experienced because of the stressful evento Coping skills develop during late childhood or early adolescence- The nature of the event contributes to what coping style will be usedo Work-related problems = problem-focused copingo Health-problems = emotion-focused coping- Emotional-approach coping: involves clarifying, focusing on, and working through the emotions experienced in conjunction with a stressoro Beneficial, improves adjustment to many chronic conditionso May be soothing and beneficially affect stress regulatory systemo May affirm important aspects of their identity- One of the most potent external resources with respect to health is socioeconomic status (SES)o Higher SES = better health; lower SES = poorer health- Coping efforts focus on several outcomes:o Reducing harmful environmental conditionso Tolerating or adjusting to negative events or realitieso Maintaining a positive self-imageo Maintaining emotional equilibriumo