BIOH 370Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 13Lecture 2 (January 28)Endocrine System Day 1I. Nervous System vs. Endocrine System (hormones) *Know examples of stimulus, controlled condition, receptors, control center, effectors and response the feedback loops of endocrine system events.*Control Center in Endocrine System: Pituitary gland and HypothalamusTogether the Nervous System and Endocrine System (hormones) control homeostasis in the body.Many Neurotransmitters are also hormonesReview of Nervous System: all catecholamines (i.e Epinephrine and Norepinephrine) are controlled by Chromaffin cells from Medulla Oblongata.II. Endocrine Glands: 1. Thyroid: hormones control metabolic rate -hormones= t3/t4 and calcitonino hypo(too little thyroid hormones)=causes obesity, hair to be brittle, extra amounts of sweato hyper(too much thyroid hormones)= lose weight, hard time sleeping, eye bulge, anxious, irritable2.Parathyroid gland: Calcium regulator3.Thymus: immunity - T cells4. Adrenal Gland: on top of kidneys-release cortisols5. Pancreas: both an endocrine and exocrine gland6. Gonads(ovaries/testis): important in reproductive functions- estrogen, progesterone, testosteroneIII. Classification of Hormones: Hormones can be classified by how they get to their target cell or organ:1. Circulatory: the MOST common -travel from one hormone through blood/interstitial fluid to another receptor cell (like a game of telephone) until it gets to its target cell/organ -hormone= ligand to receptor2. Local Hormones:-Paracrines: hormones pass in very close proximity (don’t travel through blood)-Autocrines: hormone acts on itself (mostly used in immune system)IV. Hormone Activity• Hormones traveling throughout the body will only affect target cells that possess specificprotein receptors. Receptors are continually being synthesized and broken down.• *by changing the concentration in a cell, they can change receptors (proteins) for certainhormones • Receptors may be down-regulated in the presence of high concentrations of hormone. OR Receptors may be up-regulated in the presence of low concentrations of hormone.• Exogenous administration of some hormones can decrease the endogenous production of those hormones.• Birth control pills: birth control down regulates receptors because there is an excess amount of hormones (estrogen or progesterone)- when too much of one of these hormones in cell, this concentration difference will cause the receptors to down regulate• Goserlin acetate (GnRH agonist): helps make testosterone=chemically castrateV. Feedback Loops: Secretion is regulated by: Signals from the nervous system, chemical changes in the blood, and other hormonesExamples:A. Blood pressure control: negative feedback loop- Controlled condition: high blood pressure- Receptors: baroreceptors (receptors that sense pressurechanges) sense change in pressure in blood vessels- Use nervous system to send signals to control center inbrain- Effector= the blood vessels vasodilate causing a decreasein blood pressure=responseB. Positive feedback loop –only positive feedback loop used inhuman bodies-Produces oxytocin(hormone) during childbirth causing contractionsin the muscles of the uterine wall which pushes the baby furtherdown and puts pressure on cervix so the cervix will openVI. Lipid-soluble vs. Water-soluble Hormones1. Lipid Soluble: Water and fats don’t mix *study this chart-Require protein transporters-these hormones canmove freely through plasma membrane(so don’t need areceptor) and the nucleus-need a transport protein (chaperones or transporters) because they can’t mix with water. The chaperones/transporters encompass the hormone as it moves through the cell. *a single hormone induces a single response2. Water-Soluble Hormones: require receptors on plasma membrane-DON’T require a transporter/chaperone because can dissolve in water-use G PROTEIN SIGNALING ** Study chart!Lecture 3 (January 30)Endocrine System Continued:I. Pituitary Gland Disorders -Can be found using growth charts- Show average weight, height, and headcircumference through 36 months old- Doesn’t matter so much what percentagethey are when born, but what’s important isthat they stay on the similar projector lineas they grow (i.e. stay around 80% range throughout first 36 months)- if go from for example 30% then to 90% in a couple months, then there might be a problem- If a baby falls off of normal range in chart= “failure to thrive” II. Case Studies 1: Case study with too little hGH:a. Symptoms/signs: MRI of 4.75 year old boy shows under developed pituitary glands -AtBirth, 50th percentile height-At 9 months, 5th percentile-growth gradually fell to well below the third percentile-small adenohypophysis and a truncated Infundibulum -Tests revealed abnormally low Insulin Growth Factor levelsb. Treatment: Supplementation with hGH until age 14- 10th percentile weight- 25th percentile height- Serum testosterone and gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone levels)= prepubertal state.-Additional supplementation with testosterone -Growth spurt +pubertyc. Follow-up at 19 years old: (no need for more hGH supplementation because past puberty)-175 cm tall (‘normal height)-Enlarged proximal stalk-small adenohypophysis and a truncated pituitary stalk2. Case Study with too much hGH (during childhood): Gigantisma. Signs/symptoms (if untreated):-Caused by tumors on pituitary gland-Increases in GH prior to epiphysealplate closure=ABNORMALLY tall (i.e. 8ft), butrealtively normal body proportionsd. Treatments:-Lasers or oblate the tumors-However, won’t reverse the growth that has already occurredIII. Thyroid Glanda. Thyroid Hormonesi. Synthesis of T3 and T4 (thyroidhormone) Study:b. Thyroid Hormone Facts• Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)• Help maintain normal body temperature• Stimulate protein synthesis • Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids forATP production• Upregulate beta (β) receptors that attach to catecholamines• Work with hGH and insulin to accelerate body growth• Hypothyroidism (lower than needed thyroid hormone) is easier to treat than hyper…• Lipid-soluble hormone• Use TBG as transport proteina. Thyroid Hormone Chart-Study!c. GGoiter -due to iodine deficiency(hyposecretion): Iodine= essential for thyroid hormoneproductionGrave’s Disease: hypersecretion of thyroid hormone-weight loss, anxiety, inability to sleep,