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NIU BIOS 208 - Vacuoles, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

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Bios 208 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. The plasma membraneII. Cell Structure (Eukaryotes) common to both animals and plantsIII. Cell FractionationIV. Endomembrane SystemV. Nucleus StructureVI. RibosomesVII. Endoplasmic reticulumVIII. Smooth Endoplasmic reticulumIX. Golgi apparatusX. LysosomesOutline of Current Lecture I. Central VacuoleII. Energy Transducers: MitochondriaIII. Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and ChloroplastsIV. ChloroplastsCurrent LectureI. Central VacuoleA. Functionsa) Stores water; Vacuole is up to 95% of cell’s volume.b) Stores ions and water enters cell and vacuole due to osmosis and creates turgor pressure. Loss of water can contract vacuole and cause “plasmolysis”; leads to wiltedplants.c) Stores proteins (protein bodies in seeds).These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d) Contains hydrolytic enzymes (similar to animal Lysosomes).II. Energy Transducers: MitochondriaA. Mitochondria: Site of cell respiration (oxidative phosphorylation). O2 is used to breakdown food and make ATP. Mitochondria occur in nearly all eukaryotic cells.B. Basic featuresa) Inner membrane (from bacterial Plasma Membrane): contains an ETC (electron transport chain); in foldings are cristae.b) Outer membrane (from host Plasma Membrane).c) Matrix (from cytoplasm of bacterial cell): contains ribosomes, DNA, Krebs cycle enzymes.C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.D. Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP.E. Chloroplasts, found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis.F. Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles.III. Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and ChloroplastsA. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria.a) Enveloped by a double membrane.b) Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules.c) Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells.B. The Endosymbiont theorya) An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell, which formed an endosymbiont relationship with its host.b) The host cell and endosymbiont merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion.c) At least one of these cells may have taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote, becoming theancestor of cells that contain chloroplasts.IV. ChloroplastsA. Chloroplasts Convert light energy into chemical energy in plants and algae. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis.B. Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algaeC. Basic featuresa) Inner and outer envelope membranes (inner from bacterial Plasma Membrane, outer from host PM).b) Thylakoid membranes are in stacks or grana; contain light reaction proteins and Electron Transport Chain.c) Stroma (from cytoplasm of bacterial cell): contains ribosomes, DNA, Calvin cycle enzymes.D. Chloroplast structure includesa) Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum.b) Stroma, the internal fluid.E. The chloroplast is one of a group of plant organelles, called


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NIU BIOS 208 - Vacuoles, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

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