ANSC 303 1st Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture I. Rumen FermentationII. Glucose RequirementsIII. Metabolism – Fate of Absorbed Glucose/VFAIV. Carbohydrate ComparisonA. Extent of glucose from absorption from the gut? B. Primary energy substrate?C. Cellular demand for glucose?D. Importance of gluconeogenesis?E. Primary substrate for fat synthesis?V. Carbohydrates OverviewA. Monogastrica. Stomachb. Small Intestinei. Amylopectinii. Cellulosec. Large IntestineB. Ruminanta. Rumeni. Amylopectinii. Celluloseiii. VFAsOutline of Current Lecture I. Intro to ProteinsII. Role/Function of ProteinsIII. Proteins in Animal DietsA. MonogastricB. RuminantsIV. Proteins and Amino AcidsV. AA structureVI. AA Structural IsomersVII. Classification of AAThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Classification depends on:B. Classification of R groups depends on:C. Nonpolar, aliphatic R groupD. Aromatic R groupE. Positively charged R groupF. Polar, uncharged R groupG. Negatively charged R groupVIII. Essentiality A. EssentialB. NonessentialIX. Protein Structurea. Key levels of organizationb. Primaryc. Secondary d. Tertiary e. Quaternary X. Denaturation of ProteinCurrent LectureI. Into to Proteins A. StructuralB. Not for fuel a. Can be used as fuelb. Very expensivec. Very inefficientC. Use to make productsa. Muscleb. HormonesD. Building blocksE. Microbes can make the proteinsII. Role/Function of ProteinsA. Structure of bodyB. Regulate metabolism C. Immune protectionD. Transport and storageE. Acid/base and fluid balancea. Chargesb. These charges can build up and change the pHIII. Protein in Animal DietsA. Monogastrica. Quality of dietary protein dictates quality of protein absorbedi. Amount required with various stagesii. Expensiveb. We care about quality i. Amount of amino acids (AA)ii. Crude protein does not equal quality c. Digestibility in foregut is importantd. Dietary non-protein nitrogen not efficiently utilizedi. Not useful ii. NPN needs microbesiii. Monogastric do not have microbes iv. Always ask: can you break these bonds and use this product B. Ruminanta. Quality of dietary protein is less importantb. More economicalc. Contribution of microbes to animal needsi. Microbial crude protein ii. Requires energy - CHOiii. Requires source of nitrogen A. Degraded intake protein B. NPN - ureaC. N recycling IV. Proteins and Amino AcidsA. Composed of C, H, O, N a. N is needed to make protein b. S and P are also in proteinsi. Less prevalentii. S is more so of the two c. Vary widely i. Chemical compositionii. Physical propertiesiii. Size & shapeiv. Solubility v. Biological functionB. Protein is amino acids and peptide bondsC. AA are the building blocks of protein D. N side hanging off = amino terminal E. Carboxyl terminal = C hanging off by itselfF. R groups change from protein to proteina. These are what interact with each otherb. Can form coils due to theseV. AA StructureA. 20 commonly foundB. 10 are essentialC. Basic structure:a. Amine group - supplies the Nb. R group - gives the chemical characteristic c. Carboxyl group VI. AA Structural IsomersA. AA in L and D form B. L found in nature and is more efficient a. Methionine are in the D and L form i. D is natural b. Poultry can only use D form C. Synthetic amino acids often racemicVII. Classification of AAA. Classification depends on:a. Structureb. Net charge c. Polarity d. Essentiality B. Classification of R Groups depends on:a. Neutral i. Aliphaticii. Aromaticiii. Sulfurb. Acidicc. Basicd. Heterocyclic - giants ringsC. Nonpolar, aliphatic R groupa. Glycine (Gly)b. Alanine (Ala)c. Valine (Val)d. Leucine (Leu)e. Methionine (Met)i. Sii. Structural development for hoof and hairf. Isoleucine (Ile)D. Aromatic R groupsa. Phenylalanine (Phe)b. Tyrosine (Tyr)c. Tryptophan (Trp)E. Positively charged R groupsa. Lysine (Lys)b. Arginine (Arg)c. Histidine (His)F. Polar, uncharged R groupa. Serine (Ser)b. Threonine (The)c. Cytosine (Cys)d. Proline (Pro)e. Asparagine (Asn)f. Glutamine (Gln)G. Negatively charged R groupsa. Aspartate (Asp)b. Glutamate (Glu)VIII. Essentiality A. Essential a. AA not synthesized in sufficient amounts by the animalb. REQUIRED in the dietc. Monogastrics spend time on these types of AAd. PVT TIM HALLi. P - phenylalanineii. V - valineiii. T - threonineiv. T - tryptophanv. I - isoleucine vi. M - methioninevii. H - histidineviii. A - arginineix. L - Leucinex. L - Lysinee. Conditionally essential i. Poultry only A. ProlineB. SerineC. Glycineii. Cat - taurineB. Nonessentiala. Adequately synthesized by the animalb. No specific requirementc. Ruminant systems usually make enough of theseIX. Protein StructureA. Functional role of proteins are determined by their structure and organizationB. Key levels of organization:a. Primary i. Chain ii. Sequence of AAiii. Breaking of peptide bonds = digestion of proteiniv. Side chains of each AA makes the protein uniquev. R groups interact with lead to secondary structureb. Secondaryi. Influenced by R groupii. Twisting of chains into coiled structuresA. a helixB. B sheetiii. Caused by similar chemical characteristicsiv. Achieved through weak H bondingc. Tertiary i. Influenced by R groupii. Grouping of secondary structuresA. 3-D foldingB. H and disulfide bondsC. (S-S bonds)d. Quaternary i. Influenced by R groupii. Several tertiary structures linked togetheriii. Large and complexiv. Biologically activev. Hormonesvi. antibodiesC. In order to use the proteins, you have to unfold the quaternary structure to tertiary structure, then unfold the tertiary structure to secondary structure, lastly, you have to unfold the secondary structure to primary structureD. When a protein loses its quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structure, the protein loses its functionX. Denaturation of ProteinA. Native form of protein is most biologically active a. Quaternary b. Tertiary c. Secondary B. Disruption of 3D structure destroys the functionC. Denaturation = break h bondsa. Heati. Enhances digestibility ii. The food is pre-unwoundiii. Can damage proteins if heat is excessiveb. Chemicalsi.