HST 010 Briggs Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture Japanese and China 15th to 18th centuryOutline of Current Lecture This lecture finishes off the Japanese segment of the last lecture and delves into the enlightenment period. I specifically talks about key European figures like Newton and CopernicusCurrent LecturePolitically fragmented leading to civil war (1467-1573)- Emperor is a figurheadJapan and Europeans - 16th an 17th century Japanese were open to trade with Portuguese and Spanish- This occurs on Kyushu- There is then the mission of Francis Xavier, 1549o 300000 convert by 1600- But the Trade is not just religion it is also guns- Christianity is then associated with guns and disorder- Tokugawa try to ban Catholic Priests, this fails- There is a large rebellion on trade Island of Kyushu led by Christians (1639)- Rebellion is suppressed, Christianity is banned, European interaction is well closed offo Closed country Edict in 1639o Only one Dutch ship allowed yearly, not allowed on mainlandScientific Revolution and Enlightenment-- Can be regarded as a critique, via reason, of established authorities. Starting in late 16th century advocating of scientific methods to create scientific laws- Past Scientific authorities are Aristotle 4th Cent BCE, Ptolemy, 2nd cent. CE, Galen, 2nd century. CEThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o These are the main ones, Aristotle was the chief authority till middle ages on physics, zoology, botany, cosmologyo Ptolemy lived in Egypt and was a leading specialist in Geography and Cosmologyo Galen chief authority of anatomy and physiologyo This both in medieval Islam and Christendom - In the 1400s crack appear in the theory of Ancient authorityo Renaissance humanism and the study of Ancient texts that had been losto Italy begins to be filled with the Greek scholars from Constantinopleo Enormous amount learned from these books opening huge theory baseso Protestant Reformation and changing religious authority allowed for more discussiono Global exploration and colonization brings the discovery of animals, plants topographical features, climate zones- Nicolas Copernicus, 1472-1543o Came to the conclusion that the sun was at the center of the galaxy and published a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)o He was a priest and had it published posthumouslyo The book filled with rather in-depth mathematical equations to prove his theories- Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630o Through mathematics he proves that Copernicus was correct, Heliocentrism, Earth not central, but by proving this he proves that the theory of circular orbits is wrong.o He finally proves that geocentrism is wrong- Galileo Galilei 1564-1642o Uses sophisticated math, experimentation and instrumentso Proves many of the Aristotelian principles wrongo Publishes Starry Messenger (1610), Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina-Issac Newton, 1642-1727o Invents Calculus (at same time as calculus)o Uses these principals to describe universeo One of most important is Law of Universal gravitationo Puts his writings in book called Principia (1687)o By Newton the system of Antiquity has been overturned -Popularize this Age of Reason was Francis Bacon, 1561-1526o Politician but fascinated with new scienceo Believed that the education system was wrongo Believed in learning through inductive methodo Originally education was deductive, should not beo Published The New Atlantis -Andreas Vesalius, 1514-64o Professor of medicine, Flemish, did work in Italyo Careful anatomical research of the human bodyo This went against Christian teachingso Found that Galen’s anatomy was very wrongo Vesalius makes many corrections and publishes work using detailed engravingso Titled On the Structure of the Human Body (1543)-William Harvey, 1657o Figures out how the circulatory system works and discovers that the heart is a pump, the body like a machineo On the Circulation of Blood (1628)-Rulers of Kingdoms begin to decide they want to patronize this new science-Could learn how better to use machines of war, scientific advantages-Academies began to start, first is Royal society in 1662 in England-Louie the XIV creates Academie des scencie