BSC 101 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Section 4.2: HabitatsII. Section 4.3a and 4.3b: How Organisms Acquire Resources and Resource RequirementsIII. Section 4.3c: Effects on Growth and ReproductionIV. Section 4.3d: NichesV. Section 4.4: Changes in Environmental Factors and ResourcesVI. Section 4.4d: Opportunistic OrganismsOutline of Current Lecture I. Section 5.2: Scales of InteractionsII. Section 5.3: How Organisms Interacta. Competitionb. Keystone Speciesc. Mutualismd. Commensalisme. ParasitismCurrent LectureSection 5.2: Scales of Interactiono Lowest level of scale = an organism interacting with another organism or an organism interacting with its environment.o Largest level of scale = interaction between a large group of organisms.o Interaction can be competition, feeding relationships (predator and prey), symbiotic relationships… ect.Recall that a population is the entire group of a species living in one location.o Scientists study interactions at this population level.o Gives information about which factors (ecological or biological) are important to thatpopulation.o Monitor for disease at this level.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Carrying Capacity: how much a habitat can sustain their population size with resources available at the time.Recall that a community consists of multiple populations of many species living in the same location.Species Diversity: The number and density of a species in one location. (Biological census).Transition Zone:A location where the biological world and environmental conditions of the adjacent habitats blend together. The conditions of the blended habitat support species and contain ecological niches found in habitats on both sides of the zone.Recall that an ecosystem is made up of multiple communities and habitats.o Identified using dominant features. Example  vegetation types/terms that describe the environmental conditions.o Sometimes named on general features… such as aquatic or marine.Section 5.3: How Organisms InteractInterspecific Competition: competition between different species for resources and food.o The more overlap in graphical representation in a niche means more intense competition.o The more intense of competition makes one dominant species and one excluded species.Intraspecific Competition: competition within the same species for resources and food.o This kind of competition is more intense because they are competing for the exact same resources.Resource Partitioning: the process of subdividing limited resources among the species who use it.*Competitions can result in behavioral changes*Predation: One organism eating another.o Generalist Predator: a predator that can eat anything. They will kill a wide range of organisms in order to survive (opportunistic).o Specialist Predator: eats only specific types of organisms.Keystone Species: a predator which has a very large effect on the population dynamics of other species within the community.Example; Sea otters who eat urchins who eat kelp beds.- Sea otters keep the sea urchin population down by eating them, thereforethe kelp forests stay thick and fish can use these forests for creating nests and protecting their young.- If the sea otters are removed from this situation, it would lead to the collapse of this entire community.Mutualism: an interactive relationship which benefits both species involved. It increases the fitness of both species.Example; Clown fish are coated in mucus which allow them to live inside of a sea anemone (which usually stings any organism that touches its bristles). The clown fish gets a protective nest inside the anemone and the anemone gets protection and food from the clown fish.Commensalism: the relationship benefits one organism and has no effect on the other.Example; Fungus living on a tree gets a home and the tree is not harmed nor benefitted by its precense.Parasitism: When a relationship benefits one organism at the expense of the other.Example; when bed bugs feed off human skin and it’s not healthy for the humans.Example; a fetus in a pregnant mom takes a lot of the resources that the mother puts into her body but doesn’t produce anything for her during the