PSY 223 1st Edition Lecture 12The Play Years – Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopmental Tasks: Review- Attachment- Sensorimotor intelligence- Emotional development- Locomotion- Language - Fantasy play- Self control- Preoperation logic Exposure to other people (Ex. siblings, daycare peers) shows children that other people have other wantsand desires that are different to their ownDevelopmental tasks: The play years- Self theory- Gender identification - Moral development- Making friendsSelf theory- Me (object)- I (subject)Developmental changes- Categorical identifications (short vs tall) (skinny vs fat)- Comparative assessments (I'm shorter than _____ but taller than ______)- Understanding differences between real vs idealThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Erikson: autonomy vs. Shame- Positive and negative outcomes- The central processes- Adaptive ego quality and core pathologyAutonomy- Positive pole of the crisis- "I want to do it myself" - rejecting or not asking for help because children begin to feel capable- Independence- Competence- PrideShame and Doubt- Negative pole of crisis- Negative evaluation of self- Often times comes from the response that the caregiver shows o Some responses make them feel small, and inferior where others don't give odd that message- Humiliation- Helplessness- Lacking self confidenceCentral process: Imitation• Active models• Learning by reproduction• Mirror neurons…Will and compulsion• Will • CompulsionObsessions (thoughts)Compulsions (actions)OCDAutonomy vs Shame- Autonomy Positive Imitation  Will - Shame Negative Imitation  CompulsionErikson: initiative v. Guilt• Positive and negative outcomes• The central process• Adaptive ego quality and core pathologyInitiative (+)• Manifestation of the “I”CuriosityInquiryExplorationCreationManifestation of the I- Curiosity- Inquiry- Exploration- Creation Guilt (-)• Moral emotion• Remorseful• Feelings of inappropriateness• RestrictiveCentral process: Identification- Fear of loss of love- Identification with aggressor- Need for status and power- Need to increase perceived similarityPurpose and inhibition- Purpose- having meaning and direction (having a reason for what you're doing)- Inhibition-having suppression and restraintInitiative vs. Guilt- Initiative Positive Identification  Purpose- Guilt  Negative Identification  InhibitionErikson and Psychosocial Development• Learning how other people respond to our needs and feelings• Learning to define and evaluate ourselves Parents- The primary influence on the young child’s emotional experience and development.- Parents differ a great deal in what they believe about children and how they act with themParenting styles - Authoritarian - Permissive- Authoritative- Neglectful/uninvolvedStyles differ on 4 dimensions- Expression of warmth- Strategies for discipline- Communication- Expectation for maturity Authoritarian- Expression of warmth-rare and limited- Strategies for discipline-often physical- Communication-closed (front both parent and child)- Expectation for maturity: highPermissive- Expression of warmth-common- Strategies for discipline-lax- Communication-open- Expectation for maturity-lowAuthoritative- Expression of warmth-common- Strategies for discipline-consistent (not often physical)- Communication-open- Expectation for maturity-moderateNeglectful/uninvolved- Expression of warmth-none- Strategies for discipline-none- Communication-none- Expectation for maturity-none o No guidance or emotional supportParticipants- n=4,081- High school students- Examined:o Demographicso Parenting styleo Psychosocial developmento Academic competence-what grades you makeo Internalized distresso Problem behavioro Social competence-do you have friends and or make them easilyWhat did the results show?Neglectful- Adolescents from neglectful home- Low in many categoriesAuthoritative- Academic competence and psychosocial development (+)- Happiness, Confidence, Competento Successful, articulate, happy with themselves, generous with otherso These children are usually liked by teachers and peers- Problem behavior (-)Authoritarian- Obedient - Low happiness- Low competencePermissive-indulgent- These parents often raise children who are immature, sad, lonely, and at risk of injury and abuse - Poor self regulation- Academics (lower than authoritarian and authoritative)Permissive-neglectful - Low self esteem- Low self control- Low confidenceAuthoritarian and Permissive indulgent- Scored between authoritative and neglectful groups Parents - Disciplineo Clarityo Consistencyo Remember developmental