LECTURE 15 2-27-15-Otto LoewiPg. 141-Postsynaptic PotentialsExcitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs)- Brief depolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making the neuron more likely to produce and action potentialInhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSPs)- Brief hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making the neuron less likely to produce and action potential-NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters- chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effectAcetylcholine (Ach)- First neurotransmitter discovered in the CNS and PNS. Activates skeletal muscles in the somatic nervous system and can excited or inhibit organs in the autonomic nervous systemEpinephrine (EP)- chemical messenger that acts as a hormone to mobilize the body for fight or flight during times of stress and as a neurotransmitter in the CNSAKA: AdrenalineNorepinephrine (NE)- neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the nervous system; accelerate heart rate in mammals-Chemical SynapseSynaptic Cleft- Gap that separates the presynaptic membrane from the postsynaptic membraneSynaptic Vesicle- Organelle consisting of a membrane structure that encloses and carries a neurotransmitterGlial cells act to clean up all of the excess chemicals left in space, and they also provide some chemicals to the neuron which will be used to build new neurotransmitters-Electrical SynapsesGap Junction (Electrical Synapse)- Fused junction cell membrane in which connected ion channels form a pore that allows ions to pass directly from one neuron to the nextIf gap junctions send information faster than chemical neurotransmitters, then why aren’t all junctions gap junctions?Better controlSignals can be amplifiedThe mediation of learning-Steps of NeurotransmissionThe neurotransmitters must be…1. Synthesized and stored in the axon terminal2. Transported to the presynaptic membrane and released in response to an action potential3. Able to activate the receptors on the target-cell membrane located on the postsynaptic membranePSYC 260 1st EditionLecture 15Outline of Current LectureI. Postsynaptic Potentials II. NeurotransmittersIII. Chemical SynapseIV. Electrical SynapsesV. Steps of Neurotransmission Current Lecture LECTURE 15 2-27-15 -Otto Loewi- Pg. 141 -Postsynaptic Potentials- Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs)- Brief depolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making the neuron more likely to produce and action potential- Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSPs)- Brief hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making the neuron less likely to produce and action potential -Neurotransmitters- Neurotransmitters- chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effecto Acetylcholine (Ach)- First neurotransmitter discovered in the CNS and PNS. Activates skeletal muscles in the somatic nervous system and can excited or inhibit organs in the autonomic nervous system o Epinephrine (EP)- chemical messenger that acts as a hormone to mobilize the body for fight or flight during times of stress and as a neurotransmitter in the CNS AKA: Adrenalineo Norepinephrine (NE)- neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the nervous system; accelerate heart rate in mammals  -Chemical Synapse- Synaptic Cleft- Gap that separates the presynaptic membrane from the postsynaptic membrane - Synaptic Vesicle- Organelle consisting of a membrane structure that encloses and carries a neurotransmitter - Glial cells act to clean up all of the excess chemicals left in space, and they also provide some chemicals to the neuron which will be used to build new neurotransmitters -Electrical Synapses- Gap Junction (Electrical Synapse)- Fused junction cell membrane in which connectedion channels form a pore that allows ions to pass directly from one neuron to the nexto If gap junctions send information faster than chemical neurotransmitters, then why aren’t all junctions gap junctions? Better control Signals can be amplified The mediation of learning-Steps of Neurotransmission- The neurotransmitters must be…o 1. Synthesized and stored in the axon terminalo 2. Transported to the presynaptic membrane and released in response to an action potential o 3. Able to activate the receptors on the target-cell membrane located on thepostsynaptic