BIOL K101 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture ChromosomesDNA + protein = chromatinCondensed chromatin = chromosomeDuplicated chromosome = 2 chromatidsDivision produces 2 chromosomesCell Cycle and MitosisStagesG1SG2MG0Stages of MitosisProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseOutline of Current Lecture Function of the Mitotic SpindleCell Cycle ControlCheckpointsG1G2 MM CyclinsCyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)Maturation-promoting factor (MPF)CancerTransformationBenign tumorMalignant tumorMetastasisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.AngiogenesisOncogenesTumor Suppressor Genes Current Lecture The body has control mechanisms such as during pro-metaphase. The lack of chromosomes attachment is the cells trigger to stop mitosis. This is called the M checkpoint. From metaphase to anaphase there is the G2 checkpoint where the “go ahead” signal is received. Cancer occurs when the body does not properly respond to these signals. Cancer cell produce their own growth factors that are stimulated randomly without stimulation. These cells are abnormal. Cancer is known as the disease of mitosis. Normal checkpoints are not carried out and are essentially ignored and uncontrollable grown occurs. Benign tumors remain at its original sight and can easily be removed. Malignant tumors have their own supply of a blood vessel called angiogenesis and can travel through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer cells are considered “immortal” because they divide indefinitely. An unusual karyotype depends on the specific number of the chromosome defected. Abnormal cell surface of a cancercell is usually rounded and are not attached to adjacent cells creating a more suitable environment for spreading or metastasis. The fourth characteristic of a cancer cell is that it ignores contact with other cells and keeps multiplying. Oncogenes are considered cancer-promoting genes. They are typically switched on by growth factors but when they become cancerous they turn on permanently. Cancer can come from hereditary traits, radiation sources, pesticides and herbicides or
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