AMST 384 1st Edition Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture II. Western MemoryIII. Native AmericansIV. CusterOutline of Current Lecture Lecture: Example question on Exam:In his article “Indian Patriots” Michael Elliot discusses recent developments in the processual public memory of Little Big Horn as expression of “anti-American”. Explain what he means by discussing evidence of Native American commemorative practices at the battlesite. Collective memory… the result of the interaction among three types of historical factors:-intellectural and cultural traditions-what frames all our representations of the past-memory makers-selectively adopt and manipulate these traditions-memory consumers-who use, ignore, or transform such artifacts according to their traditions Gramsci’s Hegemony-a fluid and unstable site of contestation between the dominant social formations in the ruling power block and those marginalized social formations and concessions from the dominant, and whom the dominant constantly strives to incorporateThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- vernacular, marginalized formations are trying to become dominant and becoming their own strong memory-Ex: Kwanza- holiday that came out of invented traditions between bunch of different holidays, not dominant but still honoredPanopticon- prison in Illinois, all cells around the center guard -this design works because guard can see everyone at same time-Important: all prisoners can see guard at all time- took over western land and incorporated it into American land-Just like Mt. Rushmore, reminds us about American’s past, used as point of reference -the size of monument reminds viewers of the history “Because America’s cultural identity was not given by tradition but had to be created, tourist attractions have played an important role in America and assumed some of the function of sacred places in the traditional societies”-What are sacred places in US? Places that become a part of the invented glories of American past. Not man built, the natural landscapes like Mt. Rushmore, Niagra Falls, Old Faithful in Yellowstone, Grand Canyon Borglum-Stone Mountain in Georgia, the light show-was chosen to be in Mt. Rushmore because he created this Stone Mountain -also Borglum is on statue on North Carolina’s monument at Gettysburg Mt. Rushmore-Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, Lincoln -all males, sacred space for the dominant white male presidents -changing of a natural site into a sacred site of memory-picture of Mt. Rushmore is on the South Dakota coin, material memory -Borglum: created and designed Mt. Rushmore (as well as stone mountain), real construction of memory Why is Theodore Roosevelt on the Mt. Rushmore?-he started the National Parks movement and Boy Scouts so connected with the expansion west-also acquired the Panama Canal, which was built before Mt. Rushmore-Borglum liked his created of Canal and changing of land for human use/memoryWho should be represented?-FDR-JFK-Maybe non-Presidents like MLK or Ben Franklin-Woman to stop the male powerTreaty of Forth Laramie-Lands “set apart for the absolute and undisturbed use/occupation of the Indians… and the US now solemly agresst hat no person shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in the terrority described in this article”-US can no longer go into Indian land and take it -authority of the treaty Luther Standing Bear says, “two lovely legends of the Lakotas would be fine subjects for sculputing”-“the Black Hills as the eart mother and the story of the genesis of the tribe”-include a black man on the mountain instead of the face of a white man being outlined on a stonecliff-thought that the all male heads was enomorously offensiveLame Deer’s interpretation of Mt Rushmore-“a million tourists look up to those faces and feel good because they make them feel big and powerful, this is what conquering means.”“a seesawing of symbolic reversals”-each attempt to fix Rushmore’s sacred significance by one group results in countermoves of resistance to another group-problematic that some groups that aren’t dominant might not support this historical monumentAmerican Indian MovementProtesting of Indians -wanted to put red paint on the faces on Mt. Rushmore US vs. Sioux Nation of the Indians-the Supreme Court ruled that the property of Sioux people should be given compensation for their land being taken -largest sum ever given to Indian group Countermemory-the figure of Crazy Horse on Mountain 17 miles away is bigger than all the faces on Mt. Rushmore combined -a way to retaliate for the all white, dominant monument -“the whole ideas of making a beautiful mountain into a statue of him is a pollution of the land and is against the spirit of Crazy Horse”-Battle of the two memorials, they are trying to outdo each other as a way to counter the memorial that is nearby -against what Crazy Horse would have wanted, wouldn’t want the beautiful mountain to be destroyed to memorialize -paradox of trying to counteract the monument by creating a new