GC 170 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture II. The Global Energy Budgeta. Air Temperatureb. Incoming/Outgoing radationIII. Global Heat Transfera. Atmospheric circulationi. Hadley Cell circulationb. Convergence/divergencec. Polar front zoned. Jet streame. Upper atmospheric changeIV. Ocean circulationa. Gyrei. Surface windsii. Coriolis effectOutline of Current Lecture I. Overall Temperature changea. La Ninab. Normal c. El NinoII. Surface windsIII. Relationship of surface tempa. Warm surfaceb. Cold surfacec. Process of convection and precipitationIV. East to west direction of surface windsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.V. El Ninoa. Climate impacts b. Pattern of circulation and sea surface tempsVI. La Nina a. Climate impactsb. Pattern of atmospheric circulationCurrent LectureEl Nino & La Nina I. Deviation from normal atmospheric circulation which changes the pattern of sea surface temperatures along the equatora. La Nina (2)b. Normal circulation (1)c. El Nino (3)i. Breakdown of normal atmospheric circulationii. No east to west winds 1. Reverse directioniii. Warm water spreads to coast of south AmericaII. Surface winds drive ocean currents from east to westa. Divergence: winds and surface currents move water away from coast and cold water rises to replace warm water III. Relationship of surface temp and air pressurea. Warm surface warm air is less dense risesi. Region of low pressure b. Cold surface cold air is more dense stays at surfacei. Region of high pressurec. Process of convection and precipitationi. Warm, moist air is less dense and rises ii. Air cools and condenses with height in atmosphere (releases heat)iii. Condensation and cloud formation (rainfall)iv. Cold water high pressure no rainfallv. Cold water: No rainfallvi. Warm water: rainfall d. East to west direction of surface windsi. Warm water accumulates in Australia/Indonesiaii. Convection & uplift over west pacific (rainfall)IV. El Nino (El Nino Southern Oscillation: ENSO): Means “Christchild” in Spanish a. Pattern of circulation & sea surface tempi. Breakdown of surface winds, warm water moves eastii. Uplift & precipitation occur close to coast of South Americaiii. Heavy rainfall and storms in Peru/Ecuadoriv. Increased winter rainfall in Southern Americab. Climate impactsi. More precipitation in southwest US & S. Americaii. Flooding in S. America & southwest USiii. Reduced area of warm water over western pacific (Droughts in Australia)c. When does it happen?i. 2-10 yearsii. Cover the fall of one year and spring of nextV. La Nina a. Enhanced pattern of atmospheric circulationi. Surface winds become strongerii. More warm water in western pacificiii. Increased upwelling and larger area of cold water iv. Climate becomes drierb. Climate impactsi. More drought in southwest and south Americaii. Increased rainfall in
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