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IUPUI MICR J210 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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MICR J210 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7 – 11Lecture 7 (February 11)Overview of the Body’s Defenseso Resistance to most plant and animal pathogenso Species resistance Due to physiological processes of humans that are incompatible with those of the pathogeno Immune system-helps protect against cancerous cells, pathogens, toxins, and dead cells or pollutionGeneral Mechanisms of the immune system:- Nonspecific mechanisms (innate)o Rapid response within hourso Fixedo Limited number of specificitieso Constant during responseo Hardwired, built into the DNA Recognizes that there is a problem and recruits the acquired immunity to help Constant during responses- Specific mechanisms (acquired) o Slow response within days to weekso Variableo Numerous highly selective specificitieso Improve during response (through memory cells)o Not coded in the DNA—has to be developed over time- Defenseso First line of defense: skin, mucosa (barriers)- Skino The Role of Skin in Innate Immunity Skin composed of two major layers- Epidermis o Few pathogens can penetrate these layersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Shedding of dead skin cells removes microorganismso Epidermal dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens- Dermiso Collagen fibers help skin resist abrasions that could introduce microorganisms Skin has chemicals that defend against pathogens- Salt inhibits growth of pathogens- Antimicrobial peptides act against microorganisms- Sebum secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands- Mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems Mucous membranes line all body cavities open to environment Epithelium- Tightly packed to prevent entry of pathogens- Continual shedding of cells carries away microorganismso Inflammation: recruitment of phagocytes to site of infectionso Complement: proteins floating around in bloodo Humoral immunity: B lymphocytes (soluble antibodies) dissolved in the bloodo Cell-mediated: T cells –cytotoxic t cellso Antigen processing and presentation: communication between innate and adaptive- Lacrimal apparatuso Produces and drains tearso Lysozyme in tears destroys Gram (+) bacteriaNormal Microbiota in Innate Immunity (digestive system)• Microbial antagonism o Normal microbiota compete with potential pathogens- Activities of normal microbiota make it hard for pathogens to competeo Create an environment unfavorable to other microorganisms Commensals compete with pathogens: need enough space and nutrientso Promote overall health by providing vitamins to hosto Help us digest certain nutrientsOther First-Line Defenses• Antimicrobial peptides– Present in skin, mucous membranes, neutrophils– Act against a variety of microbes– Work in several ways– Inducing holes in bacterial membranes• Other processes and chemicals– Many organs secrete chemicals with antimicrobial properties• Composed of cells, antimicrobial chemicals– Many of these components are contained or originate in the blood– Phagocytic cells (blood and tissues)– Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens• Complement proteins (serum)• Antimicrobial peptides (all body secretions)• Interferons (3 types)– InflammationDefense Components of Blood• Cells and cell fragments in plasma are called formed elementso Three types of formed elements (blood cells and platelets) Erythrocytes Platelets Leukocytes (white blood cells)- Divided into granulocytes and agranulocyteso Granulocytes Three types- Basophils – stain blue with basic dye methylene blue- Eosinophils – stain red/orange with acidic dye eosin- Neutrophils – stain lilac with mix of acidic and basic dyeso Agranulocytes Cytoplasm appears uniform under a light microscope Two types- Lymphocyteso Most involved in adaptive immunity- Monocyteso Leave the blood and mature into macrophages• Lab analysis of leukocyteso Differential white blood cell count can signal signs of disease Increased eosinophils indicate allergies or parasitic worm infection Bacterial diseases often show increase in leukocytes which are mostly neutrophils Viral infections show increase in lymphocytesPhagocytosis• Can be divided into six stageso Chemotaxis  Aided by the inflammatory responseo Adherenceo Ingestion (in phagosome)o Fusion with lysosome Known as a phagolysosome when the phagosome is fused with the lysozymeo Killing o Elimination• Nonphagocytic Killingo Killing by eosinophils Attack parasitic helminths by attaching to their surface- Secrete toxins that weaken or kill the helmintho Killing by natural killer lymphocytes Secrete toxins onto surface of virally infected cells and tumors• Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogenso Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Integral membrane proteins produced by phagocytic cells- Bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)- Initiate defensive responseso Apoptosis of infected cellso Secretion of inflammatory mediators (interferons)o Interferons Protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections Cause many symptoms associated with viral infections (Two types)- Types I or non-immune-interferon (alpha and beta)- Type II or immune-interferon (gamma)• Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogenso Complement Set of serum proteins designated numerically according to their order of discovery Complement components have many features including: - Opsonins and chemotactic factors- Indirect triggers of inflammation and fever- Lysis of foreign cells Complement can be activated in three ways- Classical pathwayo Activated by antibody molecules coating the microbes- Alternate pathwayo Activated by surface components of microbes directly (eg, PG & LPS)- Lectin pathwayo Activated by microbial polysaccharides (sugars)The Complement Cascade• C3bo A split product of C3 which can bind to cell membranes and is then an opsonin for neutrophils and macrophages• C3a, C5a are anaphylatoxins; o Smooth muscle contractiono Histamine release from mast cellso Enhanced vascular permeability (vasodilatation)--Inflammation• C5a is an chemotactic agent for neutrophils (PMN) and macrophageso Activates the MAC• C5678(9); Membrane attack complex (MAC)Inflammationo Nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causeso Characterized by redness, heat,


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IUPUI MICR J210 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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