HIS 101H 1nd Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Creation of GreeceII. Greek governmentIII. Persia Outline of Current Lecture IV. Continued Current LectureI. Classical Greece and the Hellenistic WorldA. Peloponnesian War- [Doc 3.6]- Athens vs. Sparta- Athenians successful in first ten years, but Sparta helped spark rebellion in Athenian colonies- By 413 Athens was defeated badly in Sicily and on defensive- Surrendered after fleet was destroyed- War marked eclipse of Athenian democracy & ruined Greek economy- Also see new style & scope of war- Paved way for later conquest by Philip IIB. Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Era - Philip II (r. 359-338 BC) launches empire from Macedonia- Militarily & diplomatically skilled, he uses combination of mercenaries, peasants, and cavalry- By 338 BC he had created empire with help of Alexander- By 333 BC Alexander had defeated Persians in SyriaC. Expansion-[Doc 4.1]- Egypt falls next and Alexander made Pharaoh- Founds one of many Alexandrias- Entered Babylon in 331 BC before moving on to India, where he is finally beatenThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Spread Hellenistic culture, but also recognized need for sensitivity to local customs & traditions; encouraged intermarriage with native womenD. Successor States- Ptolemies in Egypt- Seleucids in Mesopotamia- Antigonids in Macedonia- Approaches to governance varied, but all helped to disseminate Hellenistic culture- Locals allowed varying levels of independence and political freedomE. Greek Culture- Polytheistic, but fallible, human-centered gods- There were more esoteric mystery cults, but these were less important- Middle Eastern influence led to rise of rational, scientific reasoning- Praised for rational thoughtsF. Thinker and Movements [Doc 3.9]- Socrates—Rational deduction & skepticism- Aristotle—Ethics & moderation- Stoics—Moral independence & denial- Plato—Reason, humans can understand perfect forms and world around them- Herodotus & Thucydides—Writing of History- 3 elements of Greek- earth, wind, fire, waterG. Science and Math- Theories of 4 Elements- Pythagoras/Euclid=Geometry- Ptolemy—Geocentric theory- Middle East still had heliocentric theory- Archimedes—Scientist & inventor interested in naval & military technologyH. Greek Drama- Sophocles=Tragedy- Aristophanes=Comedy- Aeschylus=Tragedy- Designed as part of public life- Also served religious functions- Set trends for laterI. 4 Major Principles of Hellenistic Culture- Interest in political theory & debate- Art & sculpture glorify human achievement- Drama, philosophy, and art stress human striving- Philosophy & science stress logic in the natural world- But unlike China, no systemized effort to get masses to buy into elite cultureJ. Greek Economy- More slave-driven and trade-oriented than China and India- Ex: helots in Sparta- Less technological innovation- Tensions between small farmers and large landowners- Women had influence in commerce and sometimes as rulers