PSYC 358 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture II. Perceptual ExpertiseIII. AttentionOutline of Current Lecture IV. Attentional and Automatic ProcessingV. Treisman’s Attenuation TheoryVI. Late selectionVII. Roles of Attentiona. Binding features for Coherenceb. Resource account for attentionCurrent LectureCognitionLecture 92/24/15Day 9 – Attentional and Automatic ProcessingQOTDHow do we deal with multiple sources of information?How do we deal with multiple cognitive tasks?-We considerably underestimate our ability to multi-task and suffer a deficit. It will impact your performance and you will be biased. We can improve our ability by practicing. We can’t learn to become better multi-tasking in general, but we can become better at two particular tasksTreisman’s Attenuation Theory (fig. 4.5)-Attention works like a leaky filter-Unattended information is attenuated, but not entirely dropped-How is a high impact stimulus in weak channel noticed?-Via thresholds on dictionary unitsLate Selection (Mackay)-Meaning is (somewhat) processed for all channels -Then there is a “bottleneck”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-The bottleneck means everything is going through and the alter selection is asqueeze to the neck of the bottle. So you can’t actually apply all that processing to all that stuff and its not clear what’s going to get through or more, you just know in the end only some of the stuff is going to get full semantic processing-Q. Does meaning in unattended channel bias performance?-L. Ambiguity resolution (e.g. “throwing stones at the bank”)-Present “river” or “money” thru unattended channel eevaluate interpretationof target sentence-Is selection early or late?-evidence for both… is there some critical factorA strong possibility is task load (fig (4.8)-Flanker-compatability results (fig 4.7)-Claim: lower load  later selection-What about gamers…? Yet another role for attention-Attention as a spotlight picking out a region in sensory space-How does this differ from filter, bottleneck, etc.?-Link to distance effect in flanker task?And another job for attention: binding features for coherence (fig 4.29)-Treisman’s Feature Integration Theory (fig 4.3)-Attention combines features at a location-Top down effect: carrot, lake & tire (fig 4.33)-Pop-out effect in visual search (fig 4.34)-Single features pop out-Combinations of features do not!Resource account of attention-Perception requires spending a resource-Attention is purposeful allocation of resource-Resource is preparation/expectation-How might one test this idea?Posner & Snyder’s experimentLogic: -Fixation point either primes, misleads or is neutral (within-Ss) either in a high validity or low validity condition (between Ss)-(i.e. the likelihood of the prime being helpful)-Measure the speed of same/different judgments of target pairsFixation point Target‘+’ neutral‘G’ Primes ‘G-G’‘H’ midleadsResults:-High-validity Priming occurs, with big cost of misleading info-Low-validity Priming occurs, but no cost of misleading info.Are we missing things as we experience the world?-We’ve already learned about foveation (acuity, color)-What about subliminal perceptionIt is amazing what we fail to notice-Intentional blindness (failure to notice existence of an object)-Another example (experiment by Irv Rock):-Change in fixation target while evaluating size of plus sign attention does not strictly follow the etc.-Change blindness-inability to detect changes in observed scenes-e.g., continuity errors in moviesDivided attention-Stroop Effect-What causes this?-What has it been used for in psychological