BIOE 370 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 17Lecture 1 (January 14)Population: individuals of one species living in the same area (being exposed to the same factors)Community: a set of populations living in the same area that interact/influence one anotherEcosystem: biotic and abiotic factors that influence each other- focus on the flow of water, nutrients, and energyWhat is Ecology: the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment- the study of what factors affect the distribution & abundance of organismsNet primary production- factor that most limits this is waterLecture 2 (January 16)Locus: location on chromosome making up a geneAllele: alternative forms of a gene that can occur in a given locusGene: sometimes used to mean locus, sometimes alleleGenotype: the set of alleles carried by an individualPhenotype: physical traitConvergent evolution:- Different ancestors + similar environments- Analogous traitsLecture 3 (January 21)Evolutionary forces:1. Mutation2. Natural selection3. Genetic drif4. Isolation5. Non-random matingAdaptive Evolution: due only to natural selection – changes in alleles that better the organismConditions:1. Genetic variation in pop.2. Variation in phenotypes needs to affect fitness3. Variation is heritableLecture 4 (January 23)Evolutionary forces:1. Mutation2. Natural selection3. Genetic drif4. Isolation5. Non-random matingFitness is relative to environment and the alternative phenotypes in the population.Lecture 5 (January 26)Parent-offspring regression:- Compare offspring to male parent to test heritability in order to avoid maternal affects - Selection differential = Ms-M3 Ways to Distinguish these types of selection1. Consistency of the environment & selection pressures it creates 2. The resulting match/mismatch between adaptive landscape and traits frequency distribution3. Effect on traits mean & variance Sexual Selection: a type of natural selection hat rather than focusing on the ability to survive, it focuses on the ability to reproduce Lecture 6 (January 28)Angle of Incidence: the angle at which the sun’s rays hit the surface of the EarthDepth of the atmosphere makes it harder for rays to penetrate at the poles- Area is greater over the polesDiabetic cooling: change in air temp due to change in pressureLecture 8 (February 2)Htot = Hmet +/- Hstore +/- Hrad +/- Hconv +/- Hcond – Hevap- Direction varies, or can be two-wayMetabolic Heat Production- Shivering  an inefficient mechanism of heat production why inefficient?- B/C wasting kinetic energy from muscles that would be used for movement to produce heat. 75% movement, 25% heat production- Effective, but not efficientExamples:- ‘Her tea’ Tissue in Swordfish modified muscle cells that have lost contractive machinery- Effective as heat producers b/c chemical energy does not go to mechanical work (trade off = loss of original function – movement)- Brown fat- Modified compared to typical fat- Capillarized- Dense mitochondria- Modified mitochondria function- Lower chemical energy  more heat- Ex: Bats have this adaption, also babies  don’t have a shiver response- Normal: 3 ATP trap 21 kcal of 52 kcal/molHeat Conduction- Heat flux due to conduction- Q=KA (Tb-Ta)/L- K  Conductive- A  Area- Tb-Ta  temp- L  path length where conduction is occurring1. K = Conductance a. Automatic response alters conductance with capillary constriction/dilation2. 3 Fsa. Fur, Fat, Feathers3. Area4. Gradient Heat Convection- Piloerection alters change in K due to conv. And cond. - “Frizzled chickens”- bred for feather structure- K increased- Btemp increased in response- Adaptations that modify convection generally also modify coduction (K, area, gradiant)Radiation of Heat- Emissivity  affects both emission + absorption - Temp affects absorption Evaporative Cooling: Sweat/Pant- Use solute-coupled transport to more water to the skin- Works only one way- Effectiveness and use is limited by water limitations- Ex: Banner-tailed kangaroo rat- Water conservation via temeral counter-current mechanism- Availability of H2O limits use of evap. Cooling- Exploiting cool nasal passage to retain waterLecture 9 (February 4)Sir Charles Brian Blagden (1748-1820)Biagden’s Law: the freezing point of a solution decreases in direct proportion to the concentration of the solution OH4Source of Heat/Type of Temp. Regulation1. Source2. RegulationSourceEndotherm EctothermHomeo WB (warm blooded)Polkilo CB (cold blooded)Homeotherm: an animal that DOES regulate its body temperature Endotherm, slope = 0 Polkilotherm: an animal that DOES NOT regulate its body temperature Ectotherm, slope = 1 Heterothermy: relax strict thermoregulation when conductions are too extreme- Temporal  Conserves H2O + Energy- Regional  Conserves energy/H2O and protects coreWB/CB Trade Off: Energy Flow = Food AvailabilityRegulation1. Change in Conductance and Convection2. Passive Mechanisms3. Active Heat Production + Cons.4. Positive Feedback- Metabolic rate has to go up to regulate body temperatureBMR of Endotherm> BMR of Ectotherm given equal size BMR can be 17x, Depends on Tb-Ta and Body sizeBody Size:s/v  surface to volume ratioSpherical Animals- Not such a stupid assumption- Two ways to lower s/v behaviorally V = 4/3 pi r^3A = 4 pi r^2Harder to thermo-regulate when a small animal Body size limit on Endothermic Homeothermy:1. Activity Patterns2. Increase in metabolic rate to balance heat – Gain/lossa. Food availability 3. Geographic Patternsa. Bergmann’s Rulei. Species tend to get larger in colder environments Availability of water is also a Trade-off1. Direct loss of H2O in Homeotherms by evap. cooling2. Indirect effect – GBR increases in Endotherms. High BMR  High respiration rate Hight resp. H2O loss- This interacts with body size effect so that small size limits being W.B. particularly if H2O is limitedWB/CB: Aquatic EnvironmentHeterothermal Fish – Solving the 02/ Heat capacity problem of water - Most fish are ectothermicHeterothermic Fish – Bluefin Tuna heat exchange by ReteMirabile- Blood cooled on way out of extremities- Bird regional meteroth allows same mechanism (feet)Lecture 10 (February 6)Plants6CO2 + 12H2O + Light <--> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2OThe requirememnts of PS create 3 unavoidable trad-offs:1. Water loss through transpiration while in taking CO22. Photosynthetic rate + respiration3. Light + heat  plant will overheatBoundary layer – layer of stationary