BIOH 370 1st EditionLecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture Blood VesselsI. Functional Differences between Arteries and VeinsII. Distinguishing Features of Blood VesselsIII. Precapillary SphinctersIV. Three Structural Types of Capillariesa. Continuous Capillariesb. Fenestrated Capillariesc. Sinusoidal CapillariesV. Dynamics of Capillary Exchange (Starling’s Law of Capillaries)a. Diffusionb. Transcytosisc. Bulk FlowVI. Velocity of Blood FlowVII. Movement of Venous Blood Flow back to Heart Occurs in 3 WaysVIII. Factors that Affect Blood PressureIX. Control Center of Blood Pressure and Blood FlowX. Short-term Neural Control of Blood PressureOutline of Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Blood Vessels Day 2I. Hormonal Regulation of Blood PressureII. Shocka. Symptoms of Shockb. A Few Types of Shockc. Regulation of Hypovolemic ShockIII. Hypotensiona. Orthostatic Hypotensionb. Chronic Hyoptensionc. Acute HypotensionIV. Hypertensiona. Two Types- Primary/Essential Hypertension- Secondary Hypertensiono Cushing’s Syndromeb. Treatments for Hypertension- Lifestyle Modifications- Medications- Diuretics- Beta BlockersCurrent LectureBlood Vessels Day 2I. Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure**Know this chart- Vasoconstriction and vasodilation have opposite effects on blood pressureII. Shock- Symptoms of Shock:- Clammy, cool, pale skin (palar) - Tachycardia- Weak, rapid pulse- Sweating- Hypotension (SBP <90 mmHg)- Altered mental status- Decreased urinary output- Thirst- Acidosis- A Few Types of Shock:- Hypovolemic shock- Cardiogenic- Vascular shock-rapid vasodilation- Obstructive shock- from blood clot or something that obstructs blood flow- Hypovolemic Shock: failure of CV system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needsIII. Hypotension: systolic pressure below 100mm Hg- Orthostatic Hypotension: temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position - More common in women-especially when menstruating - Chronic Hyoptension: hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison’s disease or hypothyroidism - Or might be from chronic dehydration- Acute Hypotension: important sign of circulatory shockIV. Hypertension: high blood pressure- Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher- May be transient adaptations during fever, physical exertion, and emotional upset- Often persistent in obese people- Prolonged hypertension is a major cause of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke** New Standards (since this chart was made): - If 60 years old or older 150/90 and below is normal- Stage 2 is now combined with the “Hypertensive Crisis/ emergency mode”- Two Types of Hypertension:- Primary/Essential Hypertension:o 90% of hypertensive conditionso Due to several risk factors including heredity, diet, obesity, age, stress, diabetes mellitus, and smoking- Secondary Hypertensiono Less commono Due to identifiable disorders, including kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing’s syndrome (picture)oRight adrenal tumor=hypertension- Treatments for Hypertension- Lifestyle Modificationso Smoking cessationo Dietary changes- Mediterranean diet is commono Weight losso Reducing the amount per of sodium (<1500mg/day)o Regular (30 min/day, 5 days week) aerobic exercise- Medications:o Diureticso Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitorso Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)o Renin inhibitorso Beta-blockers & Alpha-blockers - Affect catecholamineso Alpha-agonistso Calcium channel blockerso Combination medications- Diuretics (water pills)o In kidneys: Increases sodium output in urine- Water follows salt - More on the specific actions directed toward the kidneys in the Urinary Systemo In heart: Decrease blood volume- Decreases cardiac filling- By Frank-Starling Mechanism: decreases ventricular stroke volume and CO -fall in arterial pressure- Beta Blockers: prevents heart contraction by mimicking norepinephrine and epinephrine which prevents signaling down their pathway= decrease cardiac outputo People on beta-blockers sympathetic nervous system (ep. and norepinephrine pathways) are blocked/mimicked so much more mellow-don’t get excited about too many
View Full Document