Emotional and Social DevelopmentErikson’s TheoryIndustry vs. Inferiority  Industry- Developing a sense of competence of useful skills and tasks - School provides many opportunities Inferiority- Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well- Family environment, teachers and peers, can contribute to negative feelingsSelf-Concept More refined self-concept- Social comparisons- Emphasizes competencies, both negative and positive Cognitive development affects self-concept- Perspective taking Social and cultural development affect content of self-concept- Real self vs. Ideal selfInfluences of Self-Concept Cognitive (Reasoning, experiences, behaviors) Social (Parental supports and peer social groups Culture- Asian parents > Harmonious interdependence - Western parents > Independence and self- assertionSelf-Esteem Hierarchically structured - Separate areas and general self-esteem Drops first few years of school then rises Perceived physical appearance important factorAchievement-Related Attributes Mastery Oriented - Attribute success to ability- Incremental view to ability; Can improve by trying- Focus on learning goals Learned Helplessness- Attribute failure to ability - Fixes view on ability; Cannot be changed- Focus on performance goalsPreventing Learned Helplessness Select meaningful and diverse tasks Communicate warmth, confidence in child’s abilities, value of achievement, importance of effort in support Model high effort in overcoming failure Make evaluation private Offer small classes, individual supportEmotional Development Self conscious emotions- Pride- Guilt- Shame Emotional understanding - Explain using internal states - Understand mixed emotions Emotional self- regulation- Motivated by self-esteem and peer approval- Emotional efficiencyCoping with Stress Problem-centered coping- Use when situation is seen as changeable - Identify the difficulty - Decide what to do about it Emotion-Centered Coping- Used if problem-centered coping does not work- Situation is seen as unchangeable- Internal and private control of distressPerspective Taking Major advances in perceptive taking support Self-concept Self-Esteem Understanding of others Increasing social skillsSelmons’ Stages of Perspective Taking Level 0- Differentiated- 3 to 6 Level 1- Social Informational- 4 to 9 Level 2- Self- Reflective- 7 to 12 Level 3- Third party- 10 to 15 Level 4- Societal- 14 to adultGrowing Moral Understanding Social Conventions- Conventions with vs. without clear purpose- Consider intentions and context or violations Moral Rules- Consider intentions and context violations  Personal Matters- Recognize areas of personal choice, relate to moral rules- Recognize limits on choicePeer Groups Formed from proximity, similarity Adapt similar dress and behavior Peer culture- Related Aggression- ExclusionFriendships in Middle Childhood Personal qualities, trust become important More selective in choosing friends  Friendships can last several years Influence each other’s behaviorPeer Acceptance Categories Popular- Prosocial (You get along with everbody and they like you)- Antisocial (Everyone is friends with you because you’re the mean person) Controversial (Positive and negative traits) Neglected Rejected- Rejected Aggressive (Not likable/acceptable, mean, antisocial, impulsive)- Rejected withdrawn (Socially awkward, physical harm, withhold aggression)Gender-Typing  Begins at age 5 Gender Stereotypes- Extend stereotypes to include personalities and school subjects- More flexible about behavior Gender identity- Boys more masculine- Girls more feminine Cultural factorsFamily influences on Social and Emotional Development Parents (Co-Regulation)- Parents supervise but decisions are left to the child Siblings- Rivalry- Companionship Only Child- May be advantageous in self esteem and academic achievement Types of Families Traditional  Gay and Lesbian Single Parents Divorced Parents Blended Extended One-ChildConsequences of Parental Divorce Immediate - Instability, conflict, drop in income - Parental stress, disorganization Consequences affected by age, temperament, sex Long Term- Improved adjustment after 2 years- Boys, children with difficulty temperaments more likely to have problems- Father’s involvement affects adjustment Maternal Employment Benefits- Higher self esteem- Positive family and peer relations- Fewer gender stereotypes- Better Grades Drawbacks- Less time with children- Risk of ineffective parenting- More father involvementFears and Anxieties Dark, thunder, lightning, supernatural beings persist Fear of real life personal harm School phobia- 5 to 7: Separation from home- 11 to 13: Particular aspects of school Harsh environments contribute to