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UIUC KIN 122 - Obesity

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KIN 122 1st Edition Lecture 9ObesityObesity objectives• Define overweight and obesity• Describe obesity prevalence and trends• Identify factors that contribute to obesity development• Identify health risks associated with obesity• Childhood overweight & obesity• Physical activity, exercise & obesityRefresher – Body Composition• A component of health-related fitness• Relative amount of body fat vs. lean body tissue (fat free mass)Fat Free Mass: Muscle, bone, water, skin and bloodFat MassNeed some fat for survival (insulation, energy, normal functioning)BMI: Body Mass Index• A measure of an adult’s weight (kg) in relation to his or her height (m)• BMI = Body weight (kg) /height (m)2• Used as an indicator of overweight/obesityCorrelates with the amount of body fatCorrelates with risk of disease and deathSimple, quick and inexpensive to calculateDefinitions• OverweightWhen an individual is 20% above the recommended weight for their height and frame size Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9• ObeseHaving a very high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass Men: >25 % body fatWomen: >30% body fatBMI > 30These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Factors contributing to the obesity epidemic- Excess calorie intake• Larger potion sizes• More fast food consumption• Increased consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks• Increased snacking• Value-sizing of less nutritious foods• Food advertising- Inadequate PA levelso Labor-saving technologieso Increased mediao More reliance on motorized transportationo Limited access to recreation facilitieso Limited opportunity for PA during work/school dayFactors influencing obesity development• GeneticsClear genetic contribution to obesity development Genes involved in energy intake and energy expenditure E.g., defect in leptin gene –hormone that suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditureInteraction between genetic predisposition and environmentGenetics alone do not explain obesity epidemic• Energy Balance – energy intake vs. energy expenditureIn Balance:Eating the same number of calories as you’re expending→ weight maintenance Positive Balance:Consume more calories than you expend → weight gain Negative Balance:Consume fewer calories than you expend → weight loss• Lifestyle• Behavior• Physical activity• Dietary patterns• Psychosocial Factors• Regulating emotions• Environment• Culture• Socioeconomic StatusThe weight of the nation• HBO Documentary with NIH, CDC, and many other leaders in the field• 4 Main Films:1. Consequences2. Choices3. Children in Crisis4. Challenges• What is the Bogalusa Heart Study?1. Prospective study of children (40 years – 16,000) to determine risk factors for cardiovascular disease2. First study to establish that heart disease begins in childhood• What did they learn from child autopsies?1. Children develop plaques in their coronary arteries• What are some of the consequences of childhood obesity that many of the participants in the study developed?1. Hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol problems, heart attack• What do rates of childhood obesity tell us about the development of adult obesity?1. Obese children are highly likely to become obese adultsHealth risk associated with obesity• Risk increased by 25-50%:StrokePremature mortalityCongestive heart failureColorectal cancerBreast cancerAsthma• Risk increased by 200%:Coronary artery diseaseHypertensionKidney cancerPancreatic cancerGallbladder cancer• Risk increased by 350-400%:Type 2 diabetesPulmonary embolismOsteoarthritisChronic back painLocation of body fat• Not just total amount of fat but the location of fat that is important• Fat distribution within the body more important to determining health risk than overall obesity• Types of obesity used to describe fat distributionTypes of obesity• Android Obesity (apple-shaped):Distribution of fat is greater on the upper body than lower bodyMore common in menHigher risk for disease• Gynoid Obesity (pear-shaped):Distribution of fat is greater below the waistMore common in womenAbdominal fat• Associated with increased health risks• Two regions in particular:Subcutaneous fatVisceral (intra-abdominal) fat• Measured by:CT or MRI (direct)Waist circumference (indirect)Waist circumference (WC)• Simple anthropometric index of obesity• Associated with visceral fat• Indicator of health risk • Waist circumference can be used alone or in addition to BMI to predict health


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UIUC KIN 122 - Obesity

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