Grade BuddyKIN 110 1st EditionExam#1 Study Guide: Lectures 2-14**NOTE: Some questions regarding bar graphs and other case studies are not included inthis study guide. Refer back to your own notes & the images that follow with the questions posted on Moodle.Lecture 2 (January 23)Basics of Metabolism:1. Define metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism.Metabolism: sum of energy for all life processesCatabolism: breakdown of molecules for energy productionAnabolism: building of polymer from small molecules for storage2.1st Law of Thermodynamics and its relevance to nutrition and performance.- Energy can neither be created or destroyed - All energy used for survival, growth, and physical activity comes from the break down and conversion of energy3. What is the basic unit of energy?-Energy is measured in kilocaloriesC = kilocalories4. Molecules containing USEABLE energy.- Carbohydrate- Protein- Fat- Alcohol5. Energy Balance- Energy in = energy out; maintaining weight- Energy in>energy out= weight gain- Energy in<energy out= weight loss6. Human/Athletic Performance = SKILL- Strength/Core power- Coordination- Balance/Muscular endurance- Flexibility- Body Composition- Cardiovascular Endurance Lecture 3(January 26)Is Fitness the Same as Health?1.Difference between “exercise” and “physical activity.”-Exercise can be planned physical activity w/ a goal to improve.-Physical activity is the general movement of the body2. Can physical characteristics be key components of "health"? Specific examples of being healthy without being "lean"? Being lean without being healthy?-Physical characteristics do not make up your health.-Being healthy without being lean could include:-Proper vitamin intake-"Appropriate" diet with accommodations to your own body - Being lean without being healthy:-Depending on exercise intensity or amount of exercise in general (too little)- Forceful/unhealthy diet (not eating because you "think you're too fat")3. Characteristics of people who are "fit but fat"Lack of physical activity or over consumption:-Poor nutrition -Psychosocial-Genetics-Higher metabolism than normal-Fat is subcutaneous (visible)-Larger left ventricle results in the pumping of more blood 4. How is it possible for physically active people to maintain a high body fat content?-A person's food or nutrition intake is greater than the expenditure/exercise intake > expenditure Lecture 4 (January 28)What Constitutes a Diet?1. Describe the term "diet."-A diet can be described as the habitual pattern of eating -This doesn't mean you eat the same thing everyday (average)2. Problems with trying to accurately measure someone's habitual diet- Diets can vary depending on the person/how often they and what foods- People don't always keep up with their diets- Should allow up to 7 days to even begin to see an accurate picture of that diet3. Why is it important to be able to accurately measure a diet?-Accurate measurements are important for determining if food is related to certain dietary outcomes-Some people believe data are flawed-Collecting diet information is an inexact science, therefore, it is subjective with multiple variations4. Identifying/Collecting accurate information. Characteristics to consider:Example: The more fat you have in your diet, the greater your risk to get heart disease. True or False? What are some things that are not being considered?First:1. Identify: people who get or don't get heart disease2. Compare: amount of dietary fat intake vs. risk of heart diseaseThings to be considered:- Specific types of fat- Lifestyle- Physical activity- Genetics/age 5. Even if all factors are accounted for, can you say that more fat in the diet = more heart disease? Why not?-Correlation can be related or effect causation.Example: The distance of the sun doesn't determine the price of gas.6. Barriers to doing a physical, EXPERIMENTAL study:- Following hundreds of people for a long period of time - Providing them with food or other sources they may need during the experiment can be expensive for the researcher7. Why is it unwise to change your diet or exercise patterns based on results from ONE study?- Obviously no two persons are the same weight or have the same body type- Someone else's case study results may affect your diet in a negative way - The results from the case study may not be accurate or correct at allLecture 5 (January 30)The Components of Energy Balance1. Define resting metabolic rate.- Energy required for tasks such as: Heart beat Lung ventilation Movement of ions throughout the body2. Factors determining RMR. Which is most important?- Age- Gender- Genetics- Activity Body Composition: MUSCLE MASS*- The more muscles mass you have, the higher your metabolic rate3. What is "diet-induced thermogenesis"? What is it used for? About what % is the total daily energy expenditure?-Digesting, absorbing, and storing food requires energy known as, diet-induced thermogenesis. -Energy needed for DIT consists of about 240 kcals/day or 10% of the kcals consumed4. What happens to DIT when trying to lose weight by eating fewer calories? -You are essentially lowering the amount of DIT that would be usedExample: A decrease from 2400 kcals/day to 1000 kcal/day.- DIT now goes from 240 to 100 kcals/day 5. Importance of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)- ATP is the energy currency of the cell-Used for cellular energy-Only form of energy output in cells-Supply of ATP is resynthesized multiple times throughout the day 6. Factors determining the total amount of energy (ATP) required for accomplishing a task: Stored Fuels: (CHO, PRO, Fat)Determining Factors: - What KIND of energy? -Duration -Intensity -Availability of stored energy- The activity or what you're doing -Intensity - Duration- Stored energy? -Quality/Appropriate diet TOTAL ENERGY NEEDED= ATP REQUIRED!!**Refer back to graphs and other analogies used in class, posted on MoodleLecture 6 (February 4)Digestion of Food to Nutrients1. 3 overall goals of digestion and absorption:1. Complex polymers into single nutrients2. Nutrients are efficiently absorbed into body3. Exclude waste 2. Key processes that occur in the mouth. What nutrient is primarily involved? 1. Liquification2. Mechanical Disruption (chewing) Salivary Amylase is the primary nutrient -Enzyme that begins CHO digestion in the mouth3.(A-C) Key processes occurring in the stomach. Primary nutrient involved. 1. Muscle contractions 2. Stomach cells produce