PSYCH 3004 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Transition to Psychology Psychophysics Psychophysics Emerges H Helmholtz E Weber G Fechner F C Donders Hermann von Helmholtz 1821 1894 Hermann von Helmholtz Life 1821 1894 born Potsdam Germany attended medical school faculty at Berlin Contributions Young Helmholtz Theory of color vision Measured speed of neural conduction Work on color blindness afterimages eye movements audition Psychophysiological processes can be measured objectively The Young Helmholtz Theory of Color Perception Trichromatic theory Specific neurons detect primary colors red green blue vs Hering s opponent process theory red green yellow blue black white Color perception actually involves both aspects Ernst Weber 1795 1878 Ernst Weber Life 1795 1878 born Wittenberg Germany U Leipzig 1815 Taught anatomy physiology til 1871 Contributions Pioneered determination of 2 point threshold Concept of jnd Computed ratios for jnd Perception is not directly related to physical stimulation The Weber Ratio in theory Gustav Fechner 1801 1887 Gustav Theodor Fechner Lived 1801 1887 German Student of Weber Eccentric neurotic Named psychophysics Elements of Psychophysics 1860 These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Change in sensation proportional to changed intensity 1850 Weber Fechner Law S K log R Method of average error constant stimuli limits F C Donders 1818 1889 F C Donders Lived 1818 1889 Dutch Physiologist at U Utrecht Donders Law 1846 Studied reaction time using subtractive procedures total processing time detection processing decision response Donders law orientation of eyeball same regardless of previous movements Academic Psychology Emerges in Germany Wilhelm Wundt Founding Experimental Psychology Wilhelm Wundt 1832 1920 Wundt as Father of Psychology Generally regarded as the Founding Father of psychology as a discipline Generally 1879 cited as the date for Wundt s lab Wundt at Leipzig in 1875 so lab probably established sometime sooner than that First lab in Europe possibly in world Biographical Information Born Mannheim Germany 1832 Father a minister raised by a vicar Enrolled in medical school at Univ Heidelberg Studied physiology under Muller at Univ Berlin PhD 1855 in physiology Taught at Univ Heidelberg 1875 moved to Univ Leipzig Died 1920 Floorplan of Wundt s Leipzig Lab c 1883 Wundt with Students in lab Chief Contributions Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception 1858 Lectures on the Minds of Men and Animals 1863 Principles of Physiological Psychology 1873 Started journal Philosophical Studies later Psychological Studies 1881 Cultural Psychology 1900 Founded experimental psychology lab Taught first generation of psychologists e g James Cattell Titchener Leipzig Laboratory Research Topics Reaction time Perception Apperception Will to react Attention span Psychophysics of vision and hearing Optical illusions Color perception Temporal perception Verbal associations Subjective emotional reactions to stimuli Wundt Illusion horizontal lines are straight Wundt s hammer apparatus Wundt s Eye Motion Simulator Wundtian apparatus for reaction time Introspection Wundt emphasized introspection examining own consciousness internal perception Based on techniques developed by Fechner Experimenters are trained to observe their own perceptual experiences identify elements of experience Experimental conditions Observers must be able to determine when process is introduced Observers must be in state of readiness attentive It must be possible to repeat observations several times Conditions must be susceptible to manipulation of variables Wundt s Theories Called his system voluntarism Elementary forms of experience Sensations images Feelings Mind body are parallel but not interacting Law of Psychic Resultants anticipates Gestalt Psychology Apperception Perception and associated emotion Tridimensional theory of feeling Pleasure displeasure Tension relaxation Excitement depression German Psychology Beyond Wundt Hermann Ebbinghaus 1850 1909 Hermann Ebbinghaus Biographical Lived 1850 1909 Born Bonn Germany Studied at Univ of Bonn Univ of Berlin Ph D in Philosophy 1873 Postdoctoral work in England France 1880 to University of Berlin as Asst Prof 1894 Univ of Breslau 1905 Univ of Halle Died 1909 pneumonia Chief Publications of Ebbinghaus 1885 On Memory 1890 Cofounded with Arthur Konig Zeitschrift fur Psychologie Journal of Psychology and Physiology of the Sense Organs 1897 Publishes his sentence completion test 1902 Principles of Psychology 1908 A Summary of Psychology Main Contributions of Ebbinghaus Applied experimental procedures to higher thought Introduced study of human learning memory Procedure Used self as subject Counted trials to criterion Memorized new list every day Main Contributions of Ebbinghaus II Variables Meaningfulness Amount length of material Overlearning Associations Delay of recall Ebbinghaus learning curve Ebbinghaus Learning Curve Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting Georg Elias M ller 1850 1921 Georg Elias M ller Lived 1850 1921 Physiologist Philosopher Established competing lab at Univ G ttingen 1881 Extended Fechner s work on color vision Combined Ebbinghaus s work with introspection Passive associations not sufficient for learning readiness hesitation doubt Invented memory drum Formulated interference theory of forgetting Memory Drum Later model The W rzburg School Franz Brentano 1838 1917 Franz Brentano Lived 1838 1917 Early career as minister at Univ of W rzburg Prof of Philosophy at Univ of Vienna Stressed use of empirical observation not experimentation Studied mental activity not content Key figure in Act Psychology Published Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint 1874 Debates with Wundt in journals Carl Stumpf 1848 1936 Carl Stumpf Lived 1848 1936 Early career as music student at Univ of W rzburg student of Brentano Ph D at Univ of G ttingen 1868 Prof of Philosophy at Univ of Berlin 1894 Advocated Phenomenology Anticipated Gestalt psychology Wrote Psychology of Tone 1883 acoustics music Fought with Wundt regarding reliability of reports Oswald K lpe 1862 1915 Oswald K lpe Lived 1862 1915 Studied under Wundt at Leipzig also interested in history became Wundt s assistant Prof at Univ of W rzburg 1894 Wrote general text Outline of Psychology 1893 Established competing lab Advocated experimental study of higher thought Generally considered to have