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U-M PSYCH 111 - Thinking
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Psych 111 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Nature of Language and CommunicationII. Relation between Language and ThoughtIII. Language AcquisitionIV. Non Human LanguageOutline of Current Lecture I. Overview of ThoughtII. ReasoningIII. Problem SolvingIV. DecisionCurrent LectureTHINKINGWhat are types of thinking?• Fast Thinking (System 1)- Automatic- Effortless- Intuitive- Efficient- Usually successful- Some predictable errorsExample of Fast Thought2 + 2 = ?Example of Fast ThoughtRead other’s moodWhat are types of thinking?• Fast Thinking (System 1)- Automatic- Effortless- Intuitive- Usually successful- Predictable errors• Slow Thinking (System 2)- Deliberate- Effortful-Logical- AnalyticExample of Slow ThoughtThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.17 x 24 = ?Example of Slow ThoughtWhich college should I go to?What is reasoning?• Slow thought• Process in which conclusions are drawn from a set of facts- Deductive- Inductive- AnalogicalExample of Inductive Reasoning• Your Parisian pen pal is friendly• You expect all Parisians to be friendlyExample of Inductive Reasoning• Every time you kick a ball up it comes down• You assume next time you kick a ball up it will also come downExample of Deductive Reasoning• You read Parisians are unfriendly• You expect Parisian pen pal to be unfriendlyExample of Deductive Reasoning• You know Newton's Law of Motion states that everything that goes up comes down• You assume if you kick a ball up it will come downWhat is analogical reasoning?Reasoning from particular to particularWhat is problem solving?• Slow thought• Process in which goal is achieved through mental operations- Trial and Error- Sub Goals AnalysisWhat are limitations of trial and error problem solving?• Very slow• Inefficient• Lots of errorsWhat are steps of sub goal analysis?• Understand problem• Make plan• Carry out plan• Check if problem solvedWhat are barriers to problem solving?• Mental Settendency to use previous solution to problem• Functional Fixednessinability to perceive new uses for objects• Confirmation Biastendency to only look for information that meets expectationsExample of Mental Set• How to be successful in college•Use same strategies used in high schoolWhat is decision making?• Fast or slow thought• Process of choosing between alternativesWhat are alternative ways to make decisions?AlgorithmsStep by step rules guaranteed to get correct solutionFormula; RecipeHeuristicsShort cuts that may or may not produce correct solutionRule of thumbWhat are common heuristics?• Availability• Representative• Affect Forecasting• Framing• Default BiasWhat is availability heuristic?Decision based on availability of information or ease that it comes to mindWhat is impact of availability heuristic?• How much we invest to prevent various deaths• How much we should invest to prevent various deathsWhat is representative heuristics?Decision based on prototypes or stereotypeExample of Representative HeuristicSteveWhich is Steve?• loves books• is helpful but shy• likes structure and detailA. salesmanB. pilotC. doctorD. librarianWhat is base rate fallacy?Ignores base rateExample of Representative HeuristicLindaWhich is Linda?• 31• single• outspoken• very bright• philosophy degree• deeply concerned with discrimination and social justice• participated in anti-nuclear demonstrationsA. bank tellerB. feminist bank tellerWhat is conjunction fallacy?Ignores laws of probabilityWhat is affective forecasting?Decision based prediction of future emotionsExamples of Affect ForecastingFuture adversity anticipated more intense and enduringly negative than they are• relationship breakup• bad medical diagnosis• job lossExamples of Affect ForecastingFuture desirables anticipated more enduring and positive than they are• job promotion• winning lottery• weight lossWhat is loss aversion?Stronger tendency to avoid losses than acquire gains+ $1 = 1- $1 = 2xWhat is framing heuristic?Decision affected by way choice is ‘framed’What is default bias?Very high probability of choosing defaultWhat is choice paradox?Too many choices makes decision difficultTake Home Messages(Thinking)• Images, language, and concepts are mental representations operated on in thought• Inductive, deductive, and analogical reasoning, as well as algorithms and heuristics, areoperations of thought• Thought is not entirely rational or always correct; rather we use shortcuts to maximize ourlimited information processing


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