Jour 3745 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture I. Dealing with ViolenceII. Behavioral Effectsa. Other potential effectsIII. 6 High Risk ContextsIV. Faulty public effectsOutline of Current Lecture I. Social Identity a. Social identificationb. Characteristics II. Stereotypes a. Social psychological perspectives b. Cultural/ criticalc. Impact III. Physical stereotypesa. Women b. Men Current Lecture - Social Identity- A self concept that is based on group membership and the emotional attachments associated with the membership- Social Identification- the process by which we define ourselves in terms and categories that we share with other peopleSocial Identity- Gender (vs. biologic sex)- Sexual orientation- Race (socially constructed)- Ethnicity (national origin and culture)- Age - Class (socioeconomic)- Profession- Ideology (liberal, conservative, moderate)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Other Social Identity Markers- Religious (Jewish, Christian, Muslim, Hindu, etc)- Political affiliation (feminist, republican, environmentalist)- Relationships (mother, parent, teenager, widow)- Stigmatized identities (homeless person, person with AIDS, Alcoholic)Social Identity characteristics - Many groups vs. Meaningful groups- Shared values, beliefs, norms, etc.- Reference group- Events (historical and current)IntersectionalityThe condition in which a person simultaneously belongs to two or more social categories and the unique consequences that result from that combination How does social identity develop?- Social process - Self-Categorization - In group vs. out group- Norms, values, beliefs, become aligned with in group Stereotype - The oversimplified held about an individual or a group of people and the oversimplified characteristics assigned to them based on their group membershipSocial Psychological Perspective- Stereotypes - Ability to process incoming information- Cognitive short cuts (categorization)- Schemas – stereotypes - In group (diverse) vs. out group (stereotypes)- Cumulative effects (cultivation theory)Cultural/ Critical Studies Perspective – Stereotypes - Lens of power- Patriarchal cultures - Hegemony: refers to the dominance of political and social elites over those with less social power- Stereotypes reinforce and perpetuate power structure Impact of Stereotypes - Minimize perception of diversity within certain groups - Not all stereotypes are negative- but some can lead to negative effects- Perpetuate misrepresentations and misunderstandings - Negative effect on individual whose social group is stereotyped (self-fulfilling prophecy)- Marginalize group(s) and perpetuate inequalities Gender Identity- Sex – biologically determined (male, female)- Gender- Socially constructed (masculine, feminine)- Socially Constructed - Identities are negotiated within a social context (not biologically determined)- The degree to which people see themselves and others as masculine or feminine- Gender socialization- individuals learn about gender- about what it means to be masculine or feminine from socializing agents - Endangerment- process by which a biological female becomes a socially constructed feminine being and a biological make becomes a socially constructed masculine being - Hyper masculinity/ Hyper-femininity- gender-based ideology od exaggerated beliefs about what is to be a man or a woman Female Physical Stereotypes- Flawless skin (no pores)- Perfect facial feature s- Thin body- Perfect (long) hair Social Comparison theory (Leon Festinger)- Natural drive (motivation) to compare for self evaluation - People seek information to make personal evaluations- Learn norms of appearance- Locus of control: internal vs. environment- Similar vs. Dissimilar other- Other is deficient vs. other is better Unintended effects- women- Low self esteem- Large sums of money on beauty products- Eating disorder- Diet pills, over the counter drugs - Lifestyle prescription drugs- Increase in plastic surgeries - Depression, suicideMasculine Physical Stereotypes- Square jaws- Full head of hair- Six packUnintended effects- men- Makes men feel inadequate causing them to go to extremes to achieve a false ideal- Low self esteem- Products/ lifestyle drugs (steroids) plastic surgery- Eating disorders, depression,