GC 170 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Energy Budget and phase changesa. Incoming/outgoing energyi. Reflected/Absorbedb. Greenhouse gasesi. Warmer Tempii. Melting Ice capsc. Convection in atmosphereII. States of mattera. Warmcoldb. ColdwarmIII. Definition of Latent Heata. Example of dry desertOutline of Current Lecture II. The Global Energy Budgeta. Air Temperatureb. Incoming/Outgoing radationIII. Global Heat Transfera. Atmospheric circulationi. Hadley Cell circulationb. Convergence/divergencec. Polar front zoned. Jet streame. Upper atmospheric changeIV. Ocean circulationa. Gyrei. Surface windsii. Coriolis effectCurrent LectureI. The Global Energy Budgeta. Incoming radiation varies depending on latitudei. Low  high  lowii. At the poles, the radiation is spread over a larger area (Less energy per unit area)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Most radiation at the equatoriv. Air Temperature is similar but there is a bigger variability1. Affected by variation in earths reflectivity and albedo (cloud cover)b. Outgoing radiation also varies but not nearly as much as incomingi. Surplus of energy at the equator  gets redistributed towards the north/south1. If this did not happen, the equator would be too hot and the poleswould be freezingii. Weather and climate (in troposphere) have to do with redistribution (global heat transfer) from the equator to the poles II. Global Heat Transfera. Atmospheric circulationi. Hadley Cell circulation1. Incoming solar radiation goes down towards earth 2. Heats up ocean and land 3. Warm air rises (convection and uplift)  through humid air and water vapor4. Convergence: Area of low pressure at the surface (surface winds move towards this area)5. Equator: Intertropical Convergence zone6. Divergence: Cool air sinks from up in the troposphere a. Surface winds flow away at the surface which creates high pressureb. At areas of high pressure, warm air diverges at the surfacei. Prevents condensation (cloud formation)ii. Environment becomes very dry (desert)7. Polar Front zonea. Zone of converging air from equator and polesi. Very cold and dense air ii. Air flows away from north poleiii. Warm air rises up  cool air sinks below warm air8. Jet Streama. Current of upper-level winds moving west to easti. Pushes storms across the polar front b. Caused by strong temperature and pressure gradient in upper atmospherec. Changing with warming temperaturesi. Poles are warming relative to the equatorii. Less temperature gradient between poles and equatoriii. Becoming wavieriv. Moves slower  weather patterns becoming more persistentii. Upper Atmosphere phase change 1. Condensation releases heat to the environment (gasliquid in cloud form)a. Warm air rises near equator (convection)b. Water vapor condenses (release heat)c. Warm air moves towards poles (cooling in the process)d. Cool air sinks at 30 degrees north and south (subsidence)b. Ocean circulationi. Cold Pacific off the coast of California brings cold water away from polesii. Gulf stream brings warm water north from equatoriii. Each ocean has a gyre (circular pattern of surface currents)1. Clockwise in northern hemisphere2. Counterclockwise in southern hemisphere3. Driven by a. Surface windsi. Create friction with ocean 1. Wind drags or pushes ocean surface2. Influences the direction of surface currentsb. Coriolis effecti. Deflects the direction of surface current to the rightin the northern hemisphereii. To the left in the southern hemispherec. Warm water is moved away from the equatord. Cold water moved away from poles4. Convergence: piling up of water in the middle of a gyrea. Downwelling (sinking of upper layers)5. Divergence: water pulled away from coast by surface currentsa. Upwelling of water from