MICR J210 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture 1. MCH Proteins2. Antigen Presenting Cells3. Dendritic Cells4. Cell Mediated Response5. Cytotoxic Lymphocytes6. Memory T Cells7. Humoral Immune Response8. T-Dependent9. Plasma Cells10. Production of Humoral Immune Responses11. Immune Testing12. Neutralization TestOutline of Current Lecture 1. Two Artificial Methods of Immunity2. Brief History of Immunization3. Effect of immunization in reducing prevalence of disease4. Vaccine Types5. Active Immunization (Vaccine types)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.6. Live v Killed Vaccines7. General Vaccines Used Routinely8. Vaccine Safety9. Immunization10. Antibody Preparation11. ImmunochromatographyCurrent LectureTwo Artificial Methods of Immunity– Active immunization (vaccine)– Administration of antigens so patient actively mounts a protective immune response– Passive immunization (antidote)– Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal– Passive helps the person for a limited period of time but does not activate the immune system nor induce the production of antibodiesBrief History of Immunization– 1796 – Edward Jenner discovered process of vaccination, demonstrating that inoculating with vaccinia virus (cowpox virus) protected against smallpox.– 1879 – Louis Pasteur developed the first attenuated vaccine against smallpox– Antibody transfer developed when it was discovered vaccines protected through the action of antibodiesEffect of immunization in reducing prevalence of disease– Many developing nations do not receive sufficient vaccines to treat their populations.– Effective vaccines have not developed for some pathogens.– Perceived vaccine-associated risks discourage investment in the development of new vaccines– Vaccines prevent diseaseo Jonas Sulk-dead vaccine (first polio vaccine)o Sabin-live attenuated vaccine (eradicated polio)– Many complications are present in measles caseso Currently there is an increase in the number of measles cases because parents are not vaccinating their childrenVaccine Types– Several types of vaccines, each with own strengths and weaknesses– Attenuated (live) vaccines: take viral strain and pass it through culture several times and come up with a strain that is less virulent but has all of the same antigens– Inactivated (killed) vaccines: kill with chemicals or heat so the virus dies but the antigens are still present on the viral particles– Subunit vaccines: Break up the pathogen and isolate specific proteins to use as the antigens– Toxoid vaccines: type of subunit vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus) make antibodies directly against the toxin– Combination vaccines: MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccines that are given together because they – Vaccines using recombinant gene technology: isolate the genes for the various antigens from the pathogens. Use the DNA sequence and have bacteria make the toxoid for usActive Immunization (Vaccine types)1. Attenuated (live) vaccines– Use pathogens with reduced virulence– Can result in mild infections– Active microbes stimulate a strong immune response– Can provide long term immunity– Modified microbes may retain enough residual virulence to cause diseases– MMR, vaccines for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella viruses are all attenuated.2. Inactivated (killed) vaccines– Whole agent vaccines– Subunit vaccines– Both safer than live vaccines– Antigenically weak because microbes don’t provide many antigenic molecules to stimulate the immune response– Often contain adjuvants – Chemicals added to increase effective antigenicity– The whole pathogen is destroyed (no longer able to replicate in the body)– Purify the antigenic determinants for injection into the patients– Weaker than live vaccines (limited number of antigens being given to patient) but safer– Adjuvants irritate the immune system enough to activate it (to increase antigenicity) -might be sore at the sight of the injection because of adjuvantsLive v Killed Vaccine– Live vaccine. The first injection allows the virus to multiply rapidly, prompting a full-scale immune response with antibody production and a T cell response. Pros and cons:Only one injection is needed but there is a minute risk of developing the disease.– Killed vaccine. A killed virus can’t multiply and the antibody response is limited. Two further injections at later dates ensure sufficient antibody production. Pros and cons: There is no risk of developing the disease but three injections are needed.o With killed vaccines, it is common to need more than one shot (booster) because one is not enough to confer life-long immunity– Subunit vaccines;o Subunit vaccines use only those parts of the microbe that stimulate the immune system well, namely the antigens. o By containing only what is needed for an immune response and not all the other parts of the microbeo Subunit vaccines tend to cause fewer adverse reactionso IF the whole pathogen causes problems in the patient you can purify the antigens and only inject the units that you need to cause immunizationo Helps reduce adverse effects– Toxoid vaccineso With some bacterial diseases, such as diphtheria and tetanus, the problem is not the bacteria themselves but rather the toxins they produce, which enter and poison cells.- Therefore, these vaccines contain inactivated toxins known as toxoids which stimulate antitoxin antibody production.- When a person is infected, these antibodies can block the toxins from getting into cells.- Require multiple doses because they possess few antigenic determinants.General Vaccines Used Routinely– Combination vaccines– Simultaneous administration of antigens from several pathogens – Combine vaccines as much as possible to reduce trauma to children– MMR– Recombinant vaccines (using recombinant gene technology)– Research attempts to make vaccines more effective, cheaper, and safer– Variety of recombinant DNA techniques used to improve vaccines– Gardicel (human papilloma virus)– Requires several shots bc it is a subunit vaccineVaccine Safety• Problems associated with immunization– Mild toxicity most common – You are making an immune response (activating cytokines, macrophages) and may result in a fever or flu-like systems– Risk of