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UM BIOB 272 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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BIOB 272 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 – 12Genetics and EvolutionLecture 2 (January 27) Biological EvolutionI. Biological Evolution: any change in the inherited traits of a population that occurs from one generation to the next- Process by which populations change over time- Study of history of life and the process that led to its diversity- Based on adaptation, change and historyII. Misconceptions about evolution:1. It’s “just” a theory: theories are the ultimate GOAL of science2. Central goal is to explain origin of life- it actually deals with how life has changed after it originated- other sciences try to explain origin of life3. Evolution is nature selection: natural selection is a mechanism of evolutionary change- other mechanisms: genetic drift, sexual selection 4. Evolution is entirely random: mutations are random, natural selection is not random- but actually a non-random spread of mutations 5. Evoultion is a march or progress (like the famous picture of apes to humans) -NOT ladder like march- instead a huge branching patternIII. Whales: -Shared unique characters with other mammals: (synapomorphies)o Mammary glandso 3 middle ear boneso hair (in developing embryos) - Homologous structures: shared ancestry traits in 2 species - Analogous Structures: similar structures developed through convergent evolution- (i.e whales & fish fins)- Whale evolution: a gradual transition from land to aquatic environmentso To determine evolution, used whale-specific synapomorphies= characteristics found only in cetaceans (i.e. structure of inner ear, skull)IV. Whale Fossil Timeline:50 MYA: Pakicetus: first terrestrial cetacean -found fossil in Pakistan, lived in hot dry conditions with seasonal water, evidence shows was able to walk on land and not marine animals45 MYA: Ambulocetus Natans:“walking whale”, could walk, but closer to aquatic40 MYA: Dorudon: first robust whale fossil38 MYA: Basilosaurus isis: vestigial structures: loss of most or all of ancestral form-evolved to marine animalsV. Evidence of evolution of Whales to marine animals:1. Isotopic analysis of fossil teeth:-Terrestrial animals drink freshwater-Marine animals drink saltwater-O18/O16 ratio higher in saltwater and in teeth of marine animals 2. Changes in gene expression during development led to hind limb loss -dolphin limb development= 4-9th week of embryonic development -hind limb only started to develop, but did not completely form*Whales most closely related to Hippos: Similar DNA and similar shape of astragulus (specific ankle bone)Lecture 3 (January 30) History of EvolutionI. Scala Naturae (ladder of nature)A. Aristotle Thought- believed that all things were created “for the sake of man”-Shown in the ladder of nature with plants at bottom, then animals, then humans at the topII. Theory of Special Creation1. Species do not change2. Species were created independently3. Species were created recently*all of these are testable hypothesesIII. Species as Fixed Typesa. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)i. One of the first men that wanted to describe every species and try to group them (i.e. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom)IV. Enlightenment and Romantic Periods- first thoughts of evolutiona. Georges-Louis Buffon ideas: i. Believed that Earth was 70,000 years old=much older than was ever thoughtii. Earth was formed according to laws of Physics and Chemistryiii. Life emerged as distinct types-Transformed when environment changed (populations change over time)iv. Species arise as distinct entitiesv. Diverse environments give rise to new varietiesb. **Fossils-Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) -Extinctioni. suggests that not all species are recently createdii. suggest species can go extinctiii. suggests that species may changec. Jean Bapiste-earliest evolutionisti. Species evolve through natural processesii. Life constantly generatediii. Adaptation through inheritance of acquired changes(not necessarily true)-idea rejected by Cuvieriv. 1st to argue gradual changed. Geologists to recognize gradual changei. James Huttona. Earth transformed graduallyb. Earth is REALLY oldii. William Smitha. First geological mapb. Look at Earth’s rock layers- deeper layers=olderV. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) i. First went to Medical School in Edinburgh, but preferred to study natureii. Trained to become Clergyman at Cambridgeiii. Invited to serve as unofficial naturalist for HMS Beagle in 1831a. Went on voyage for curiosity, not money (already wealthy)b. On voyage took NUMEROUS observations of species, nature, etc.iv. Drew first phylogeny knownb. Charles Lyell (geologist, 1830)-Darwin’s influencei. Principle of geologyii. Uniformitarianism: forces that acted in the past are similar to forces acting in the presentiii. Forces that shape Earth: erosion, sedimentation, volcanism, earthquakec. Alfred Russel Wallace ideas= similar to Darwin’si. Grew up poor so did more work instead of “thinking” like Darwin didii. Common Ancestry and Natural Selection were both ideas he had- he sent them to a letter to Darwin presented at Linnaean Society in 1858- published letters jointlyiii. Darwin received more credit for work because had more academic work/argument than LyellVI. Evolution=**Descent with Modificationa. Examples of Species change through time:i. Beak length in Soapberry Bugsa. FL native host plant= Balloon Vineb. These bugs feed by piercing fruit with beak seedsc. Flat-podded golden rain tree introduced to central FL in 1926; fruit thinner than Balloon Vine fruit, so Soapberry bugs in this area have evolved smaller beaksii. Vestigial limbs in contemporary whaleiii. Facultative bipedal to bipedal in apes/humans (transitional forms)a. Ardi (4.4 MYA): facultative bipedal= knuckle walking or walking on two legs only sometimes and not very wellb. Lucy (4.5MYA): bipedal= first fully walking on two legs human ancestor fossilb. Examples showing that all species are derived from common ancestors:i. Darwin’s phylogeny treea. First to think in terms of evolutionary trees (phylogenies)ii. Homology: similarity due to common descenta. Result of inheritance from common ancestorb. Appear in diverse species during embryogenesisiii. Genome DNA sequencea. Relect shared ancestry and descent with modification (substitution) iv. Genetic Codea. Most basic homologyb. All cellular organisms share the same languagec. Almost identical to


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UM BIOB 272 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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