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U-M PSYCH 111 - Memory
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PSYCH 111 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Learninga. Classical Conditioningb. Operant Conditioningc. Observational LearningOutline of Current Lecture I. Overview of MemoryII. Memory StagesIII. Memory ProcessesIV. Memory FailuresCurrent LectureMEMORYWhat is memory?Mental capacity to retain informationWhy is memory important?• Make use of experience• Extend time and space• Sense of self• Maintain relationshipsWhat are memory stages?• Sensory Memorymomentary preserver of sensory stimuli• Short Term Memory (STM)/ Working Memory (WM)temporary work pad of mind• Long Term Memory (LTM)unlimited preserver of informationWhat is serial position effect?Remember first and last things presented mostOrganizing information for STMChunking = Grouping itemsExample:7349362067(734)936 – 2067(735)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Working Memory• Temporary storage space used to manipulate information• Limited capacityWM Applications• Helps us integrate information• Shown to be important to math learning• Related to intelligenceWhat is in LTM memory?• Explicit /DeclarativeKnowledgeconsciously accessible• Implicit /NondeclarativeKnowledgenot consciously accessibleWhat is encoding?Processes involved in getting information into or maintained in memoryWhat are encoding processes?• Maintenance RehearsalRote repetition maintains info in STM• Elaborative RehearsalLinking representations establishes info in LTM1)Examples of Rehearsal• Maintenance: Repeating phone number until dialed• Elaborative: • Sound• image• meaningLevels of Processing “SHARK”Structural GroupPhonemic GroupSemantic GroupIs word in capital letters?Does word rhyme with ‘lark”?Would word fit in the sentence:“he fished for a _____ in the seaWhat is retrieval?Recovery of information from LTMWhat are different retrieval processes?• Recallreproduction of info is required• Recognitiononly identification of info is requiredWhat affects retrieval?• Context-DependencyMatching environment of storage• State-DependencyMatching state or mood of storageWhat are proactive and retroactive interference?• Proactiveolder information interferes with retrieval of newer information• Retroactivenewer information interferes with retrieval of old informationWhy do we fail to remember?What are causes brain dysfunction?• Brain damage• Disease• Psychological traumaWays to Decrease Forgetting• “Desirable Difficulties”• Learning processes that are effortful lead to better retention of the information• Interleaved/spaced practice versus massed practice• Retrieval versus restudyTake Home Messages(Memory)• Memories are not passive complete records of experience, but rather are constructed andreconstructed• Sensory memory is a very short term buffer of sensory information, working memory (orSTM) is our conscious experience where information from sensory memory and long termmemory is operated upon, and long term memory (LTM) is our unconscious store of pastexperience• There are many techniques (mnemonics) that can improve memory, but also many thingsthat can lead to failures and errors in


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