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UVM ANTH 024 - Colonization of Australia and the Americas
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ANTH 024 1nd Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Early Modern Humans a. Migration From Africa II. Upper Paleolithic Revolution Outline of Current Lecture II. Homo sapiens Colonize Australia III. Homo sapiens Colonize the Americas Current LectureI. Homo sapiens in Australia a. Homo erectus had gotten to the edge of Southeast Asia (Sunda) i. To cross from Sunda to Sahul (Australia) would’ve required multiple trips by boatii. Homo erectus didn’t have the ability to create boats, so never made itb. Homo sapiens were able to build boats to reach Sundac. Colonization of Australia/Sunda was twice as fast as it was in Europei. Homo sapiens could plan aheadii. Make new toolsiii. Solve the problems they encountered iv. They didn’t encounter competition from another hominins d. First definitive evidence of homo sapiens in Australia is from 40 kyai. Lake Mungo: found definite human remainsii. Also fish remains, ochre, and hearths e. Megafauna i. Huge animalsii. Not used to humans, so weren’t prepared when they appearediii. Did humans hunt them to extinction? 1. They seem to have started to disappear earlier 2. Probably because of climate change f. Humans in Australia had complex behavior i. Fished ii. Made art 1. Hematite with facets2. Ochre body art iii. Evidence of long distance tradeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.g. Peopling the Americas i. Land based migration across Beringia 1. During cold periods, Asia and North America are connected 2. Canada was covered in ice until 10 kya 3. There might’ve been an “ice free” corridor that let people throughthe ice sheets and through Canada a. It still would’ve really cold and hard to find resources, so it’s unlikely people did this ii. Siberia and Northeast Asian artifacts don’t resemble American sites 1. Tianjuan Cave – 39-36 kya iii. Clovis hypothesis 1. One big wave of big game hunters colonized America iv. Clovis “culture” -- 13.2-12.8 kya1. Cowboy found fluted spear point in New Mexicoa. First evidence of Clovis people2. Flute – Essential for functioning a. Would allow spear to be attached betterb. Take down bigger game 3. Hunted mammoths but also small game 4. Spear points were also found in caches 5. Rapidly moving hunter-gatherersa. Follow game Southb. Helped lead to extinction of megafauna 6. Clovis pointsa. Curated (passed down from parent to child)b. High quality stone c. Found throughout North America 7. Extinction of megafauna a. Clear evidence for hunting b. Clovis hunters had more resources, not just mammoths i. Were not specialized hunters only killing one animal c. Onset of colder Elder Dryas period d. Interaction between climate and hunting probably led to their extinction 8. Pre-Clovis Sitesa. Schaeffer and Hebior, WI – 14.8-14.2 kya i. Mammoth sealed in clay with butcher marksb. Paisley Caves: 14.1 kya i. 3 human coprolites c. Monte Verde, Chile – 14.6 kya i. House foundations d. Cactus Hill, VA – 18-20 kyae. Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA – 20 kya i. Sandy sediment, artifacts could’ve shiftedf. Pedra Furada i. Tools and hearthsii. Surrounded by cliffs so could’ve been naturally created g. Problems with pre-Clovis sites i. Compromised stratigraphy ii. No definitely dated human remains iii. No united cultural characteristics iv. Few lines of evidence v. Clovis-Age South American sites 1. West Coast2. Smaller tools for smaller game3. Fishing vi. Physical Evidence 1. Kennewick, WA 2. Human remains found, from 10 bpa 3. “Caucasoid” features 4. Found on federal land5. Dispute with Native Americans vii. Genetics – Native American and Asian DNA are very similar 1. Must come from same place viii. Humans in Central Asia split off 40 kyaix. Asian and North American split 25-20 kya x. Split again 16.6-11.1 kya h. Coastal Corridor Hypothesis i. Coast ice free by 15 kyaii. Before the interior iii. Use watercrafts to travel down the coast from island to island i. Solutrean hypothesis i. Travelled on ice sheet over North Atlantic from Europe ii. Solutrean tools similar to Clovis iii. No genetic evidence iv. Used by white supremecists j. Clovis preceded by small migrations


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