IPHY 4440 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Membrane ReceptorsOutline of Current Lecture II. Major Hypothalamic HormonesIII. Hypothalamic ControlIV. Adenohypophysial hormonesV. Nongranulated cell types:VI. Tropic hormonesCurrent LectureI. Major Hypothalamic HormonesA. Releasing hormones in ME- TRH: thyrotropin-releasing hormone- CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone - GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GHRH= GH-releasing hormone (GRH)- GH-RIH= somatostatin (SST)- PRIH= prolactin release-inhibiting hormone = dopamine - All except dopamine are peptides! Dopamine is a catecholamine B. Other hypothalamic hormones stored in the ME1. PRL (2) i. GAP: Major Hypothalamic Hormonesii. VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide 2. GTH (2)i. neuropeptide Yii. GalaninC. Hypothalamic hormones stored in the pars nervosaa. Oxytocin (OXY)b. Arginine Vasopressin (AVP), Lysine Vasopressin (LVP), & Phenypressinc. Arginine Vastotocin (AVT)-Thought question:-If you need to obtain large quantities of AVP, what would be the ideal source tissue? (be specific) These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Answer? Pars Nervosa because a nonapeptide, storage sites in which the overwhelming majority that AVP sits waiting to be released II. Hypothalamic ControlA. Evidence in vitro- Pars distalis culture- Secrete only PRL- Add hypothalamus extract – secrete TSH, GTHs, ACTH, sometimes GH except PRL- Primarily positive – most releasing hormones are RHs not RIHsIII. Discovery of first RHs* Andrew Schalley & Roger Guillemin - shared Nobel Prize1. TRH – tripeptide2. GnRH- decapeptideIII. Adenohypophysial hormones3 zones A. Pars tuberalis: little tropic hormone synthesis B. Pars intermedia: secretes MSH (+ melanin synthesis)-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone  melanotropin (cell type: melanotropes)C. Pars distalis: rest of pituitary, secretes the majority if tropic hormones - includes –tropes: gonadotropes, lactotropes, somatotropes, corticotropes, thyrotropes- Note: MSH (melanotropes) is made in our pars distalis Stainable cell types:A. Strong basophils: Attract Strong basic dyes gonadotropins, GTHs, FSH & LH, and thyrotrope  TSHB. Weak basophils: cortocptrope  ACTH and melanotrope  MSHC. Acidophils: somatostrop  GH, lactotrope PRL, Mammosomatptrope (GH & PRL) during pregnancy IV. Nongranulated cell types:- In pituitary, don’t have any secretory hormones1) Chromophobes: scared of dyes (Don’t have secretory granules so cannot stain), undifferentiated, exhausted from secreting too many hormones 2) Follicostellate cells: neural glial cells, connect through gap junctions, role in Ca 2+ signals, secretes paracrines, possibility that they can be stem cells, no obvious granules 3) Null Cells: possible adenoma source. Tumors derived from this but don’t make anything V. Tropic hormonesA. Chemical classification- Category 1: glycoproteins: part protein/part sugars- Category 2: Simple Proteins don’t have sugars attached to it. Involved in GH help stimulate increase in AA uptake and protein synthesis in muscle. In liver GH increases IGF-1 synthesis and cartilage growth. In bone, GH stimulates increase inIGF-1 synthesis and bone growth.- Category 3: POMC complex of peptides, pro hormone that can generate a lot of little peptides from being cleaved B. Glycoproteins: Structure: 2 subunits a-subunit (common to all) and b-subunit (unique to each)* two genes in each cell- excess of a-subunits, b-subunits are limited1) TSH thyroid gland 2) LH androgen synthesis, gamete release, and corpus luteum in females3) FSH  androgens to estrogens enzyme: P450aro, gamete formation Simple proteins:PRL Mammary: increase milk protein synthesis and many other targets- induces