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OU PHIL 1273 - Characteristics of Virtue Theory

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PHIL 1273 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Focus on FreedomA. Pat and Sandy Case RevisitedB. Defining FreedomC. What It Means to Be a PersonD. Freedom and MoralityE. What about Desires?II. ConclusionOutline of Current Lecture I. Review of Three Types of MoralityII. Virtue TheoryIII. Relation Between Desire and ReasonIV. How Should People Be Trained?Current LectureI. Review of Three Types of MoralityA. What makes the right thing rightB. Actions1. Consequentialism2. Deontological EthicsC. Persons1. Virtue TheoryII. Virtue TheoryA. Focus on Persons1. Not just action by action2. Traits that characterize good peoplea. Virtues as excellenceb. What people approve of3. Very different way of thinking about moralityIII. Relation Between Desire and ReasonA. Utilitarianism1. Good to attain desires, whatever it is that humans desire2. Reason (intellect) is a slave to passions (desires)B. Kantian View1. Not bad to attain desires, just irrelevant to moralityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Reason helps humans free themselves from desires in order to obey the moral lawC. Aristotle View (in between the above views)1. Do no just accept the desire humans happen to have2. Do no try to escape from desire3. Reason’s job involves helping people discover what they ought to want so that they will want good thingsa. About training good habitsb. Focus on education (to train up those good habits)c. Concern for influence of social context and institutionsIV. How Should People Be Trained?A. Analogy: border collie1. A good collie can herd2. Born with that potential3. But must be trainedB. Example of Teleological Thinking1. Collie has “telos” (“end”) herding2. End is present at birth as potential3. Actualized through training4. The end is the basis for evaluationa. Criterion for whether collie is goodb. External aspect: humans praise specific traits that support this endc. Internal aspect: collie is “flourishing” when its end has been realized, or fulfilledC. Application of This Pattern to People – in Reverse1. Traits praised in people are “virtues” (courage, honesty), which form a good person2. Aristotle defines “flourishing” as having those traits, which provide a deeper happiness to create a good life3. Traits can be cultivated by training4. Traits are part of human nature as potentials that need cultivation5. Points to an end for human beingsa. What is it?b. Do human beings have telos?c. Aristotle says yesD. Problems with Teleology1. What is the human telos, and how is it known or determined?a. Aristotle: humans have reason in order to figure it out2. Ancient Moral Thought: human function, hence morality, tied to participation within community (humans as political animals)3. Modern rejection of teleology (17th century to present)a. Not needed in scienceb. Might not fit well with commitment to freedom and rights4. Contemporary revival of virtue


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OU PHIL 1273 - Characteristics of Virtue Theory

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