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UNCW PSY 211 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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PSY 211 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 - 12Lecture 2 (January 15)Issues & Methods in Cognitive PsychologyWhat is a representation? What is a mental representation and a mental process? - A representation is a physical state that stands for something.- A mental representation is a physical state in the brain that stands for things in the world.- A mental process is transformation of an input into an output. Examples of mental processes- visual search, short-term memory, selective attention.What is a baseline and why is it important in measuring cognitive performance? - Starting point to use in comparisons, it’s important in measuring cognitive performance because you can’t learn much without an appropriate baseline or comparison condition. What is Signal Detection Theory (SDT)? List & define the four observed forms of data in a signal detection experiment. Define & describe the SDT measures of sensitivity &bias. What variables are most likely to have effects on people's sensitivity and bias?- Ability to discern between information-bearing patterns and random patterns that distract from the information.- Approach to psychophysics that characterizes perceptual experiences as the joint product of sensitivity and response bias. Correction rejections, misses, false alarms, hits.- Invented to separate (a) a person's ability to truly detect target stimuli, and (b) their tendency to say "yes, I've detected it.- Sensitivity- Person's true ability to discriminate targets (signal) from non-targets (noise).- Response Criterion (Bias)- Person's tendency to claim they have detected a signal ("yes")What is meant by the term mental chronometry? - Time it takes to responds to something; usually the time between some stimulus and some response.What is the difference between a Simple RT task and a Choice RT tasks. How are these tasks used in Donder's Subtraction Technique? - Simple RT Task- told there is only stimulus and response button, which you are to press as soon as the circle appears. There is no need for categorization or rsp-selection.- Choice RT task- Change the task to include two stimuli and two responses.- We use this in Donder’s Subtraction Technique to isolate processes and measure their separate RT’s. Allows us to study how relevant variables may have different effects on the different processing stages. Lecture 3 (January 20)History of Cognitive PsychologyWhat do Empiricism, Rationalism, and Nativism refer to with respect to knowledge? - Empiricism- knowledge comes from experience, “tablula rasa”- Rationalism- knowledge comes from reason, intuition.- Nativism- knowledge comes from innate abilities, biological constraints What is Idealism? Materialism? Dualism? What view do most scientists take today? - Idealism- relationship between mind and matter that says that everything is mental.- Materialism- relationship between mind and matter that says everything is matter.- Dualism- relationship between mind and matter are two distinct forms of reality.- Most are materialism now What is the mind-body problem? Who proposed it? For who is it a problem? - How does the mind control the body? How can we scientifically study the mind? Reflex vs reason, physical vs. Mental. This was proposed by Rene Descartes. Only dualists have a mind/body problem. What is Phrenology? Who proposed it? Why is it relevant today? - Associating specific mental abilities with specific brain areas. This was proposed by Franz Gallandit is relevant today because we developed EEGs, CAT, PET and MRI’s.Who was Phineas Gage? Why is he an important figure in cognitive neuroscience? - He had his brain pierced by an iron rod, which damaged his frontal lobes which affected his personality and judgment. Altered that but no other skills. Who was Paul Broca? Why is he an important figure in cognitive neuroscience? - He did work on the neural localization of language. He examined the brain of a patient who had an unusual speech disorder where he could understand spoke language, but could not speak sentence or express himself. The patient had a lesion in the left inferior frontal cortex, which is now described as Broca’s area, which is associated with language. What psychologist is credited with creating the first psychological research lab? When and where did this occur? What topic was the main focus of the first scientific psychologists? - Wilhelm Wundt is credited with creating the first psychological research lab in Leipzig Germany in 1879. The main focus was on consciousness. What is introspection and why did it fail as a central method in psychology? - To look inward and systematically observe one’s own mental processes.o Subjective- mental events are private and hard to objectively verifyo Unreliable- data often doesn’t agree across people, contexts, etco Restrictive- introspection requires training, thus excluding many groups from study (Children, animals, mental patients)o Flawed- observing mental events necessarily changes themWho are Hermann Ebbinghaus & Frederic Bartlet? What were their contributions to cog psych? - Hermann Ebbinghaus- classic study on nature of memory, showing it is possible to study a mental process with objective methods. Created the forgetting curve, savings, and the spacing effect. Forgetting curve- forgetting follows a lawful pattern. Savings- relearning is faster than initial learning, even if you can’t consciously remember the initial learning. The spacing effect- learning is increased if trials are spaced out, rather than massed (crammed). - Frederic Bartlett- publishes Remembering, describing his research on the reconstructive nature of memory. Created the schemata/schemas, and memory as reconstruction. Schemata/ schemas-knowledge structures based on prior experience which can bias memory, perception, ect. Memory as reconstruction- the notion that memory is not veridical (true), but is reconstructed based on pastand current info, biases (schema), inferences, etc. What are the central claims underlying Behaviorism? How does Behaviorism differ from Cognitive Psychology? Why do many psychologists reject a strict form of Behaviorism? - Behaviorism- psychology should be a science of behavior, not the mind. Places an emphasis on observable stimuli and responses, primarily uses animals as test subjects on assumption that thelaws of learning are universal, focuses on learning like


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