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SC SPTE 110 - Chapter 11: Race, Ethnicity and Sport

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Lecture 11Chapter 11: Race, Ethnicity, and SportDefinitions:Race: Social category constructed and accepted by society to describe members with genetic similarity (genetic makeup)Ethnicity: The cultural heritage of a groupRacism: A belief of superiority of one race over anotherMinority group: In the United States, all groups except whites. Subject to discriminationShifting DemographicsU.S. population by racial groups 2008 and projected for 2050 (table 11.1 on page 199):Racial group20082050Whites66%46%Hispanic/Latino15%30%African American14%14%Asian American5%9%White population decreasing and Hispanic/Latino and Asian American nearly doubling and African Americans holding steady.Population and Sport Participation of MinoritiesRefer to tables 11.2 (page 200) and 11.3 (page 201).Concentration of minorities in certain areas will likely influence sporting preferences.Latino population is no longer concentrated in a few states.Used to be mainly in agricultureAfrican American population is growing the most in the South.African American AthletesAdvances against racism in sport since 1960s civil rights movement. But . . .In 1947 Jackie Robinson broke through the color barrier and was Rookie of the Year. (Brooklyn Dodgers)By the 1950s, participation percentages matched population percentages.Blacks are overrepresented in basketball and football but underrepresented in the majority of sports.Racial Difference in SportBiological reasonsNot supported (e.g., Kenyans versus Ethiopians)No scientific link to prove that one race is better in sports than anotherStereotype that blacks are faster than whites, no scientific proof.Cultural and social reasonsEmphasis on activities varies by cultureSport seen as means of social mobilityMany athletic role modelsOpportunity structuresFacilities, resources available (money, programs)Pre-Civil War SportGames and sports played among slaves encouraged by plantation owners for control purposes.Preoccupied, and keep them physically tiredMainly boxing and horse racing.Black boxers used for entertainment of white “masters” and their friends.Blacks used as jockeys, but not trainers.African Americans in subordinate roles.StackingUnusual distribution of whites and blacks in certain sport positions cannot be explained by a random distribution.At one time, only white quarterbacks. What we see today is kind of opposite; usually only black cornerbacks, white puntersHistorically, minorities disproportionately found in specific team positions.Whites in “thinking” and “outcome control” positionsBlacks in speed positionsSee table 11.4 on page 205 for stacking in the NFLTOKENISMRacial groups may have one or two representatives on the team just to say they had one of everyone on the teamDiscussion: Is stacking still a significant issue? Most people are just interested in getting the best option at whatever positionExploitation of Minority AthletesGiven special treatment in classroom (undeserved)Promoted through gradesPressured into “easy” majorsEx) Robert SmithGraduation rates are low.African American women are especially exploited.Pros and colleges want athletes in college for reasons not related to athletes’ best interests.Latino and Hispanic AthletesHispanic: All people whose ethnic heritage is traced to Spanish-speaking countriesLatino and Latina: Typically, reference to people of Latin AmericaGreat diversity among Latino groupsMost known for baseball and soccerMarch 2006: First National Hispanic GamesAsian American AthletesAlong with Latinos, are fastest-growing minority population in United States.Take different path from that of African Americans and Latinos. Sport not used as means toward economic, social, or educational goals.Culture and perhaps body type mean different sporting choices.Native American Athletes0.9% of population is Native American.Poverty rate on reservations is 50%.Stereotypical, dehumanizing images used for names, mascots, and logos.NCAA now limiting use of names, images.Native American Sports Council is part of the Olympic Movement, and North American Indigenous Games have become big event.Alcohol Abuse Among Native Americans4 of top 10 causes of death are alcohol-related: accidents, suicides, cirrhosis of the liver, and homicides.Alcohol mortality is nearly 5 times higher than for all other races.43% are “at risk” of serious harm from drugs or alcohol by 7th grade.A vicious cycle socially.Native American IssuesGiving up their “Indianness”.Native American identityReal or perceived racial bias at college.No ethnic support system in college.Many coaches feel like it is not worth putting the effort into recruiting Native Americans because they will most likely drop out anywaysPoor academic preparation.College degrees don’t help on the reservation.Fear of failure.Distance running.Basketball.Two sports they typically excel in. No expensive equipmentDiscussion: What is your view of the Native American mascot issue?Do you know any Native Americans who have a view on the issue?Legacy of LacrosseCreated by Native Americans.With skill, speed, agility, it’s a fast-paced sport.Has grown 10% annually over past 15 years.39 states have U.S. Lacrosse chapters, more than half a million members playing.39.5% growth in college participation and 200% growth in high school participationKey Point: Employment: The proportion of minorities as college and professional coaches and administration is lower than that of the general population and vastly lower than athlete percentages.Sport as Negative Fore for EqualityPro sport is an unrealistic career goal.College graduation rates of Black male athletes (48%) now above those of Black male students (38%).Black female athletes graduate at 68% rate, compared to 50% for all Black females.Graduation rates lower for non athletes due to financial reasons along with other factorsBlack families 8 times more likely than Whites to pressure child into sport.Harry EdwardsAfrican-American sociologist whose primary interest is minority participation in sport. Very vocal and very direct in his message that sport is not where black families should be pushing their children. He said that sport is not the best option for student’s efforts. Education is the key to minority students doing well in life. They are more likely to become doctors, lawyers, etc. than a professional athlete.Sport as a Positive Force for EqualitySport success linked to self-confidence (role models can be positive).It’s a way out of


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