PSYCH 3320 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Chapters 5-7Chapter 5 What are challenges with designing a machine to be able to recognize objects? - Stimulus on receptors ambiguous.- Objects can be hidden or blurred.- Objects can look diff from diff viewpoints or angles. What are the differences between Structuralism & Gestalt psychology? - Structuralism=Wilhelm Wundt. Perception comes from many sensations. # of sensations add up to create our perception of a face or object. - Gestalt psychology=psychology of configuration. Started in early 1900s. Gestalt psychologists rejected idea of structuralism. What is a modern day example of the idea of “whole is different than the sum of its parts?” - The stock ticker in NY Times Square. Ex. Of apparent movement (when movement is perceived but nothing actually is moving) Letters & #’s that seem to be moving across the screen are created by hundreds of tiny lights that continuously blink on & off. *Be sure to be familiar w/each Gestalt laws of perceptual organization & give examples! 1. Good Continuation=points when connected result in straight or smoothly curving lines. Ex is a coil of rope. 2. Pragnanz=every stimulus pattern seen in such way that resulting structure is as simple as possible. Ex is Olympic rings. 3. Similarity=Similar things grouped together. Similarity of shape, size, or orientation. Ex. Coins in cash register grouped together.4. Proximity (Nearness)=things near each other grouped together. 5. Common Fate=things moving in same direction appear to be grouped together. Ex is flock of birds.6. Common Region=Elements within same region of space appear to be grouped together. Ex. Is the circles inside the ovals in our books. (pg. 104).7. Uniform Connectedness=Connected region of same visual properties (lightness, color, texture, motion) perceived as single unit. What is figure-ground segregation? - Separation of the object from its background. - Reversible figure-ground=when a pattern can be reversed as its viewed & perceived alternatively. What is binocular rivalry?- When each eye receives 2 diff images, brain can’t fuse the 2 images & then observer perceives either the left eye image or the right eye image, but not both at the same time.Chapter 6 What is attention & what are the diff. between divided & selective attention? - Attention=process of focusing on specific objects while ignoring others.- Divided attn=when we focus our attention btwn 2 diff tasks or objects.- Selective attn=we pay attn. only what we choose to pay attn. to & all other stimulus/infois blocked. What is the difference btwn covert & overt attention? - Covert attention=attn. w/o looking- Overt attn=attn. involved looking directly at attended object. - Constantly monitoring environ. By shifting our attn both overtly & covertly by making eye movements by noticing what is happening off to the side. We attend to what interests us. What is stimulus salience? - Physical properties like color, contrast, movement, & orientation that make a particular object or location stand out. What is inattentional blindness? Give an example- When people are unaware of clearly visible stimuli if they aren’t directing their attn. to them. - Simons & Chabris gorilla video. Viewers told to count the # of times ball is passed. - Half report not seeing gorilla. What is change blindness?- Difficulty detecting changes in scenes.- Blindness occurs in movies. Continuity errors. We don’t often spot them, unless you’re looking for them. What is the binding problem? - Binding problem=question of how object’s individual features get bound together.- We don’t see objects as a separate shape. Experience integrated perception of something. What is the feature integration theory? - Question of how we perceive individual features as part of the same object. - Preattentive stage=objects analyzed into separate features.What is the diff between illusory conjuctions & illusory contours?- Illusory conjuctions=combination of features from diff stimuli- Illusory contours=when we perceive a contour in an object where none exist. What is a feature search & conjuction search? - Visual search task=where person can find a target by searching for only 1 feature. - Conjuction search=visual search task where necessary to search for a combo of 2 or more features on the same stimulus to find the target. What is habituation? - Process of creating a preference for 1 stimulus over another by familiarizing a person w/1 stimulus but not the other.Chapter 7 What is the ecological approach? - When we study moving observers & determining how their movement creates perceptual info that guides further movement & helps observers perceive their environment. What is optic flow? - All of the movement we are seeing. How does optic flow relate to everyday activities like driving a car? - Picture you’re driving your car. No other cars are around. - While you’re driving, it looks as though buildings, trees, and stop signs are moving as you pass them, even though they remain stationary. They don’t move. - Movement that is relevant to the objects causes us to see everything moving past if we look out the side window.What is the relationship between vision and balance? Give an example.- Vision is a powerful determinant of balance that it can override traditional sources of balance info provided by the inner ear & receptors in muscles & joints.- Ex is the swinging room study with the infants. What is wayfinding & how are landmarks useful to us in navigation? - When we take a route that involves making turns.- Landmarks are objects on the route that we use as cues indicating where & when we should turn. - Important when driving in unfamiliar territory. What are 3 structures important for navigation? - Parahippocampal gyrus- Hippocampus - Retrosplential cortex What are cases of brain damage that involve these parts of the brain? - Retrosplenial Cortex damageo 55 yr old taxi driver unable to find way home after work. Could recognize buildings & know where he was, but couldn’t figure out direction to take to get home. o Suffered damage to retrosplenial cortex. o Lost his directioinal ability-couldn’t determine direction of a familiar destination w/respect to his current position. Unable to use directional info provided by familiar landmarks. - Hippocampus damage o TT was a London taxi driver for 55 years.o Contracted a case of encephalitis that damaged hippocampus.o After damage, unable to find way around own