ANSC 2400 1st EditionExam# 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 13Lecture 1 (January 21): Introduction to ANSC 2400/2410 and Reproductive PhysiologyReproduction- Not essential to an introduction existence.- Essential for the perpetuation of a species.- Cyclic nature in female • Repeated opportunities to establish and sustain pregnancy. - Reproductive Cyclicity – Repeated opportunities to become pregnant & produce offspring.- Includes the disciplines of anatomy, histology, cytology, endocrinology, immunology, nutrition, biochemistry, molecular biology, ethology (behavior), population and molecular genetics. • Difference between cytology & histology?- Cytology – The use of an electric microscope - Histology – The use of a cross-sectioned staining- Infertility is a source of great economic loss in livestock production & constitutes one of the most important problems facing producers, veterinarians, and animal scientists. - Human infertility is a different problem for individuals & families, but human fertility.- Our understanding of reproductive physiology has been extended to companion animals, exotic and wildlife species, and threatened & endangered species.Lecture 2 (January 23): Ontogeny of the Reproductive SystemFigure 1-2: Historical Development of Reproductive Physiology 384 – 322 BC – Aristotle- Proposed that the fetus originates from menstrual blood. (1884 years later) 1562 – Fallopus- Discovered and described the oviduct. (11 years later) 1573 – Colter- Discovered and described the corpus luteum. (99 years later) 1672 – de Graaf- Discovered and described the antral follicle(5 years later) 1677 – van Leeuwenhoek- Discovered and described spermatozoa in semen (103 years later) 1780 – Spallanzani- Hypothesizes that spermatozoa were the fertilizing agents and successfully artificially inseminated a dog. (45 years later) 1825 – Dumas- Proved that spermatozoa were the fertilizing agents. (30 years later)1855 to present - Beginning of Modern Reproductive Physiology * Alphabetical Order- Artificial Insemination - Biochemical Pregnancy Detection- Cloning- Embryo Culture/Transfer- Endocrinology- Estrous Synchronization - Frozen Semen- In-Vitro Fertilization- Sex-Selected Semen & Embryos • Ernest and Sterling Cornell Reproductive Physiologists - Sydney Arthur Asdell• Diverse areas of reproduction • Book: Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction- William Hansel • Physiology of the corpus luteum and estrous cycle regulation, cancer therapy.• Didn’t retire till his 70s.- Robert H. Foote• Cryopreservation of sperm and artificial insemination, IVF and embryo transfer, early workof cloning. Anatomy and Histology of the Female Reproductive System - 1) Bovine (cattle) model- 2) Ovary in order through proximal (next to) tubular organs to external genitalia.- 3) Embryonic Development- 4) Species ComparisonsLecture 3 (January 26): Organization and Function of the Female Reproductive SystemFigure 2-4- Cross-section of the Bovine (cattle) reproduction tractTerminology- Tunica Albuginea – Resides beneath the germinal epithelial. Keeps the inner part of the organ intact.Included more during follicle rupture.- Surface (germinal) Epithelial – Not germinal. (Not producing germ cells). Simple epithelium- That lies on the outside of the epithelial.- Medulla- Blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves- Cortex – (Cortex is also in the Adrenal) Where follicular development occurs in the ovary.- Hilus- Primordial Follicles – Will become the grafting follicle. Will find them in large nests.A single layer of flattened cell.- Primary follicle – Single layer of activated cells.- Secondary Follicle - Proliferation of those cells- Developing Antral (Tertiary) Follicle -Once Reaches a point to where you start to get spaces and you get a fluid filled cavity called the Antral.- Antral (Dominant) Follicle- Corpus Luteum - Corpus Albicans- Mesovarium ligament – Portion of the broad ligament that supports the ovary.• Stylized drawing of what goes on in the ovary over time.• All the eggs that are going to be produced are produced during fetal time.• Antrum – Filled with follicular fluid.• Now is producing Estrogen, but will produce Progesterone as it forms a corpus luteum.• 1. If selected as the ovulating follicle the cumulus will be released and etc.• 2. If not selected as the ovulating follicle will undergo Tresia – The oocyte is reabsorbed and lost. • The oocyte itself is inaccurate in this graph. The oocyte as it grows, grows enormously. The follicle also grows. But the egg might start as 20 microns but will reach a diameter of 80 -100 microns.• The second thing that is inaccurate there is a clear band, zolumpolusa and is produced by the oocyte. Is a extracellular oocyte. Critically important for the recognition of the sperm. This does not occur until the Secondary and Tertiary follicles.Figure 2-12- The structure most proximal to the ovary. The Oviduct; Fallopian Tube.- Ovary- Infundibulum – The generic term for structures like this. Will help the egg from the ovarypass to the Ampulla. Has fingerlike projections are sweeping parts of the ovary to pick up the oocyte.- Ampulla – - Isthmus – A very muscular tissue.- Uterine HornAmpulla • Serosa • Submucosa• Muscularis• Mucosa- Nonciliated columnar- Mucusa (magnified)- Ciliated ColumnarIsthmus • Serosa• Submucosa• Muscularis• MucosaFigure 2-16 (The Uterus)- Is bilateral. - Lumen –Has a channel like or open structure.• Circular layer restricts• Longitudinal layer propelsFigure 2-17 (Cow)Figure 2-19 (Cervix)- Somewhat a tubular organ - Different organ as in a fibroelastic type of tissue.- Not as muscular as the uterus- Has a branching the in the mucosa, for the movement of sperm and allows for more viable sperm to go through and to protect from contamination and protects the inner organs.- Make it very easy to identify.- Terminology • Lumen • Ring • Cervix • Fornix Figure 2-20 (Cervix) -(Cow)Figure 2-23 (External Genitialia)Lecture 4 (January 28): General Histology and Histology of the Female Reproductive SystemSexual Differentiation- Initially indifferent (Same in male and female)• Initially and up through the developmental stage of embryonic development the