CC 301 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Intro to Greek philosophers such as Herodotus.Outline of Current Lecture II. HerodotusIII. Book 5IV. Sculptures and PaintingsV. Korai SculptureVI. Kouros SculptureVII. Bronze StatuesCurrent LectureHerodotus: the overall structure of the histories: 1-4 persian empire, 5-6 grecian empire, 7-9narrative of the Persian war. The Herodotus approach to history is to understand the clash between these civilizationsis to understand the empires individually. To explain the Persian he contrasts them with other eastern evils. There is no monolithic conception of Greek values. Persians vs Egyptians vs IndiansIn many ways the conflicts between the Persians and the Greeks was a culturalmisunderstanding. Book 5 – Macedonians (cousins of the Greeks that lived up to the north) Alexander ultimatelywas a Macedonian and he tried to integrate them. The Persians invaded Europe and set a delegation up to the court of Macedon demanding thatthey acknowledge the Persians as overlords and that they pay tribute. As part of the diplomaticnegotiations, they held a common banquet together. Persians demanded women but that wasconsidered inappropriate in segregated Macedon. However, they still kept the women separatedbecause they didn’t want integration or rape or anything, but the Persians insisted and got ratherintimate and flirtatious with the women. Finally, the Macedonian king agreed to let the Persians do whatever they wanted with thewomen but insisted that the women take a bath first. But, what they actually did was disguisesome young men as women and gave them tiny daggers with which to kill the Persians withwhen they went to bed. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.This is all attributed to the Persians failure to understand the Macedonian custom ofprotecting their women. Much like the Macedonians, the Greeks would not invite respectablewomen to events like these either, only prostitutes. Sculptures and PaintingsThe first sculpture indicates an interaction between a man and a centaur. These are very stickfigure like representations. On the right side it is geometric style and it shows a lying corpse withfigures all around it mourning and tearing their hair out. That’s where art is at around 800 BC.Then around 630 BC, approximately the time of Sappho; on the left you have a goddess who hasbeen very stylized with a very stiff posture wearing a dress that had all kinds of geometricdesigns on it. On the right you have a male head that is very similar to Mesopotamian orAnatolian art. It is a very stylized beard, almost like sun rays emerging from his chin, but otherfacial features were very simple. The overall art was very stiff and linear. “Prince Juavas” painting.Korai SculptureThen in the 6th century, they came out with korai sculpture which basically means that of a youngmaid. This is quite the advance relative to the last sculpture. Hair is braided in a much morerealistic way. Not just a blank expression but a smile on her face, you see the pupils of the eyes.There’s also some paint on the sculpture exhibiting an attention to color. However, the way she isstanding was still very stiff characteristic of the Archaic era. Then two more korai created a little bit later, one around 520 the other around 510 BC. There aretraces of paint on the hems of the garment, and the hair was braided in a similar style. This isdifferent because the dress that the sculpture on the left is wearing was much more elaborate withmultiple folds and a lot more attention to the way the garment was hanging, but the stance wasstill relatively stiff. Kouros SculptureThen, they started creating male figures from around 600 BC (going back chronologically a littlebit). These are actually two young men that Herodotus talks about in Book 1: Cleobis and Biton.Their mother wanted to attend a festival dedicated to Hera, but they were rather poor and didn’thave any horses or oxen to pull the wagon, so Cleobis and Biton themselves pulled their motherin her cart all the way to the temple of Hera. This labor was so exhausting that the two mencollapsed and died after they got their mother there. They not only honored the gods but dieddoing something for their mother so they definitely had steadfast values. There’s kind of a tragic view of the world that no one is really happy until they’ve died and thishappiness consists of their reputation.The statues of Cleobis and Biton were a kouros statue because it was of men, and male statueswere almost always naked because male athletes were revered and the Greeks always held maleforms in high respect. For women, more modesty was appropriate. The left foot was a little more advanced than the right foot indicating a more natural stance. In this archaic period around 600 BCE, Egyptian statuary was a major influence and source ofimitation for Greek statuary. Looking at a kouros statue from around 540 BCE: we see more defined chest muscles, somesandals, we see nipples, the statue is life sized. There is an overall better sense of proportion anddetail. Bronze StatuesAnother statue, this one now created with bronze as opposed to the marble of the previousstatues. Bronze was sturdier whereas marble would break easily. They would create a mold andfill it up with wax and then after that they would pour in molten bronze melting the wax whichwould then flow out. It would be hollow but very sturdy. The bronze was advancing the rightfoot, but in his right hand he was probably holding a libation bowl as well and the way his handwas tilted he was probably pouring wine down into the ground making an offering. He was alsoclutching something in his left hand probably the handle of a bulb relating to the God, Apollo.Most of the earlier statues had arms that would hang down stiffly on their sides but this statuewas actually doing something: pouring a libation. This was around 520 BC. Right around 500 BC it was the transition point between Archaic and the Classical ERA (5thcentury BC, 500-400) This man had a different hair style, shorter, muscular definition. It has amuch more natural way of standing. This statue doesn’t have an empty smile or no expressionbut more complexity and seriousness as if thinking about something important. This next character had a shorter