Energies of OrbitalsSpin Quantum NumberElectron ConfigurationsThe Aufbau PrincipleElectron Configuration RulesElectron Configuration RulesThe Periodic TableValence and Core ElectronsEnergies of OrbitalsChapter 6 1Chapter 6 2Spin Quantum NumberThe spin quantum number (ms) is assigned to an electron in an orbital, and is associated with the direction of a magnetic field produced by the electron.Allowed values of ms for an electron are +½ or −½.Chapter 6 3Electron ConfigurationsAn electron configuration shows the distribution of all electrons in an atom.A superscript following a subshell denotes the number of electrons in the subshell.In an orbital diagram, arrows (representing electrons) are placed in boxes (representing orbitals).Chapter 6 4The Aufbau PrincipleThe Aufbau principle describes a hypothetical “building-up” of an atom’s electron configuration from the one that precedes it in atomic number.Chapter 6 5Electron Configuration RulesFor atoms in the ground state, electrons occupy the lowest available energy orbitals.Pauli exclusion principle – no two electrons in the same atom can have identical sets of quantum numbers.Chapter 6 6Electron Configuration RulesHund’s rule – for orbitals of identical energy, electrons enter empty orbitals whenever possible.Electrons in half-filled orbitals have parallel spins.The Periodic TableChapter 6 7Chapter 6 8Valence and Core ElectronsThe valence shell of an atom is the outermost occupied principal shell and contains the valence electrons.Electrons in inner shells are called core
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