PSYCH 202 1st Edition Lecture 13Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)I. Trauma & Stressor Related Disorder in DSM- 5II. WWI soldiers III. First appeared in DSM-IIIIntrusive symptoms: I. flashbacksII. nightmaresAvoidance & numbing symptoms:I. detachment from experience, from other peopleII. loss of memory for parts of traumatic memoryArousal symptoms:I. exaggerated startle reactionII. difficulty sleeping or concentrating, because of hypervigilanceIs PTSD a dissociative disorder? I. Dissociation a. at root, “unlinking”II. disruption in integration of identity, III. consciousness, memory or perception. IV. Mild example: highway hypnosisDissociation as twisted form of coping?I. Betrayal Trauma Theory (Jennifer Freyd) a. Paradox: children who are abused by their parents also have to rely on those parents. II. Recovered memory vs. False memory debateIII. Memory as a constructive process, not simple retrievalPlanting memoriesI. “Lost in the mall” incidentsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Participants asked about other stories relayed by relatives that really did happenIII. Some % (20-30) “remember” something about planted memoryMood DisordersI. Depression (unipolar)II. BipolarDisorder (Manic Depression)Bipolar DisorderI. 4% lifetime riskII. Strong apparent genetic link a. (identical twin – 72% chance)III. Roughly equal in men and womenIV. Depressed “pole” looks like major depression a. (down, blue, lethargic)V. Up pole called maniaa. feeling self importance, expansive plans, high self-esteem, have difficulty concentrating, sleep little, act euphoric, highly active VI. Kay Redfield Jamison – An Unquiet MindUnipolar DepressionI. Depression prevalence estimates: II. Nearly 1 in 5 Americans will experience at some point in their livesIII. 1 in 20 Americans are severely depressed at any time. IV. Sex difference in prevalence: a) Why? (we don’t really know)b) Biological theoriesc) Cultural theories:i. power& autonomy differencesii. women ruminate; men distract?V. Major depression has to persist beyond a few days.VI. Has to interfere with ability to function. Depression Symptoms:I. discouraged, sad, lacking hope, irritableII. lethargic (lack of energy, motivation, feel tired)III. loss of enthusiasmIV. low self-esteemV. sleep changes (sleeping more or can’t sleep)VI. appetite changes (eating more or less)VII. loss of interest in sexCourse of depressionI. Majority of cases of depression will dissipate in 5-10 months, even without treatment. II. 50% of people experiencing depression will not have it again III. 40% of people experiencing depression will recover, but will experience depression again.IV. 10% of people experiencing depression stay acutely depressed. Many questions about why depression is cyclical: I. Biological vulnerability?II. Or, does having depression itself make you more likely to get depressed?III. Hyper vigilanceMultiple triggers/vulnerability factors for similar outcome (remember diathesis stress model?):I. Early childhood loss, esp. death of a parentII. Depressive thinking style (negative thoughts about self, the world and one’s situation)III. Depressive spiral – initial depressing event prevents person from getting positive reinforcement.IV. Comorbidity (e.g., OCD)Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)I. related to short daysII. light helps set circadian rhythms, affects hormone melatoninIII. treated with special therapeutic lightsTreating depressionI. Drugs and therapy combined – most effective?Antidepressant drugsI. Synapse: a) space between 2 neuronsII. Mononamine Oxidase drugs (MAO): a. elevate levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, by blocking the enzyme that deactivates these neurotransmitters.III. Tricylcic antidepressants prevent reuptake of these neurotransmittersIV. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)a) work selectively to prevent reuptake of serotonin more than other neurotransmitters b) Exs.: Prozac, Paxil,