KIN 325 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Divisions of the Human Body and How it Moves Why Kinesiology Kinesiology o The study of motion or human movement Anatomic Kinesiology o The study of the human musculoskeletal system Biomechanics o The application of mechanical principles or physics to human movement How is this applicable to you and your chosen profession Knowledge understanding needed to o Recognize dysfunction in movement patterns and identify corrections o Help younger individuals to become more efficient movers for life skills and or performance o Select exercises to strengthen condition various parts of body o Analyze skills or movement of the body to improve technique or performance Reference Positions Anatomic Position o Describes the human body in an upright forward facing position with palms facing up or forward o Most widely used reference position Fundamental Position o Same as anatomic but with arms at body s side with palms facing hips Divisions and Major Parts of the Body Axial Skeleton o Head o Neck o Trunk Appendicular Skeleton o UE Shoulder girdle arm forearm hand o LE Pelvis thigh leg foot Terminology Specific terminology is utilized to describe anatomical positioning Used to reference location on body when in anatomical position May use alone of in combination o Ex Posterior vs posterolateral Terms o Anterior Towards the front Also known as ventral or at hand volar palmar o Posterior Towards the back or rear Also known as dorsal o Lateral Farther from midline o Medial Closer to midline o Inferior infra Below in relation to another structure Also referred to as caudal o Superior supra Above in relation to another structure Also referred to as cephalic o Distal Farther from the axial body o Proximal Closer to the axial body o Deep Farther from the surface of the body o Superficial Close to the surface of the body o Prone Body lying in a downward facing position On stomach o Supine Body lying facing upward On back o Ipsilateral On the same side o Contralateral Pertaining to or relating to the opposite side o Bilateral Both sides o Caudal below in relation to another structure inferior o Cephalic above in relation to another structure higher superior o Dorsal relating to the back being or located near on or toward the back posterior part or upper surface of o Ventral o o o relating to the belly or abdomen on or toward the front anterior part of Palmar relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand Volar relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot Plantar relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot Movements of the body Flexion o Moving one segment towards another causing a decrease in joint angle o Ankle Dorsiflexion Extension o Moving one segment away from another causing an increase in joint angle o Ankle Plantarflexion Hyperextension o Continuation of extension Abduction o Away from the midline horizontal abduction o Wrist Radial deviation o Ankle Eversion o Scapula Protraction Adduction o Toward the midline horizontal adduction o Wrist Ulnar deviation o Ankle Inversion o Scapula Retraction Rotations o Medial rotation internal rotation o Lateral rotation external rotation o Trunk rotations must identify left or right Circumduction collective motion of 4 directions Joints and Movement Planes Planes of Motion Imaginary three dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved Used to describe the direction a motion is occurring Motion through a plane revolves around an axis There is a ninety degree relationship between a plane of motion its axis Cardinal Planes of Motion Three basic or traditional planes in relation to body o Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane Divides body into equal bilateral segments Bisects body into 2 symmetrical halves of left right Motion provided Flexion Extension Examples sit up or walking Frontal or Coronal Plane Divides body into a front anterior and back posterior halves Example of movement Jumping jacks side shuffle Transverse or Horizontal Plane Divides body into a top superior and bottom inferior halves Example of movement Trunk rotation o o Diagonal Planes of Motion High Diagonal o Upper limbs at shoulder joints o Overhand skills EX Baseball Pitch Low Diagonal o Upper limbs at shoulder joints Underhand skills EX Discus Thrower o Lower limbs at the hip joints EX Kickers Punters Axes of Rotation For movement to occur in a plane it must turn or rotate about an axis axial movement The axes are named in relation to their orientation Axial movement synonymous with circular angular and rotary movement o Ex Think about a tire moves around an axis o Ex Pencil and paper pinwheel Sagittal Plane Frontal Coronal Lateral or Mediolateral Axis Has same orientation as frontal plane of motion runs from side to side at a right angle to sagittal plane of motion Runs medial lateral Commonly includes flexion extension movements Frontal plane Sagittal or anteroposterior axis Has same orientation as sagittal plane of motion runs from front to back at a right angle to frontal plane of motion Runs anterior posterior Commonly includes abduction adduction movements Transverse Plane Vertical long or longitudinal axis Runs straight down through top of head is at a right angle to transverse plane of motion Runs superior inferior Commonly includes internal rotation external rotation movements Diagonal or oblique axis Also known as the oblique axis Runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane Skeletal Tissues Knowing the properties of skeletal tissue helps us to understand more about the relationship between structure and function Types of tissue o Connective Tissue o Epithelial Tissue o Muscle Tissue o Nervous Tissue Components of Connective Tissue All are a combination of collagen and elastin Collagen o Main protein in connective tissue o Rather inelastic provides structure and strength o Have problems with collagen deficiency Elastin o Provides the flexibility needed in connective tissue Osteology Adult skeleton consists of 206 bones o Axial skeleton 80 bones o Appendicular skeleton 126 bones Bones are classified into o Long humerus femur tibia o Short carpals tarsals o Flat skull scapula o Irregular pelvis o Sesamoid patella Bone Properties Is a connective tissue Composed of calcium carbonate calcium phosphate collagen fibers water o 60 70 of wt is calcium o 25 30 of wt is collagen water Collagen fibers provide some flexibility strength in resisting tension Aging causes progressive loss of collagen increases brittleness Bone Types