PSY 200 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture 1 (January 21)Identify the major contributions of:- Lamarck: Contributed the idea that species change over time, inheritance of acquired characteristics is changes passed down to succeeding generations.- Malthus: Wrote the book Essay on the Principal of Population, contributed the ideas thatmore offspring are born than can survive or reproduce and that organisms engage in a struggle for existence. - Darwin: Contributor to evolutionary theory, wrote the book On the Origin of Species, and argued that species adapt through a process of natural selection.- Hamilton: Believed in the idea of inclusive fitness which measures an organism’s reproductive success by helping their kin survive and reproduce. This idea differs from Darwin’s idea of classical fitness which measures an organism’s reproductive success by the number of offspring they produce.- Williams: Wrote the book Adaptation and Natural Selection, contributed the ideas that altruism evolves because we help genetic kin, and that we have evolved solutions to specific problems. - Trivers: Contributed the ideas of reciprocal altruism (basis of adaptations among nonkin/social relationships), parental investment theory (basis of sex differences in adaptations) and the parent-offspring conflict (basis for understanding conflict over distribution of family resources). Identify three characteristics of natural selection.- Variation: Characteristics differ within and across species (wing length, defensive ability).- Inheritance: Only some variations are passed down (deformities are not passed down, only inherited variations are passed down).- Selection: Characteristics serve a purpose for survival or reproduction, in which inheritedvariations are advantageous (finches beaks).Explain intrasexual and intersexual competition and provide examples.- Intrasexual competition: Same sex competes for attention of the opposite sex, loser fails to mate, and winner gets to mate (stages locking horns).- Intersexual competition: One sex drives mating by choosing partners with particular characteristics/qualities. Those who lack desired qualities fail to mate while those who have the desired qualities get to mate (female choice, peacock tails).Lecture 2 (January 26) Identify characteristics of adaptations.- Inherited/reliably developing characteristics that occurred through the process of natural selection and have helped solves the problem of survival and reproduction. - Adaptations have a genetic basis. Adaptations must be the characteristic of most/all members of a species. Adaptations are created by the process of selection. Adaptations have their own period of evolution. - Example: peppered moth kept changing their color in order to camouflage themselves on the trees. Identify and explain the characteristics of EPMs.- EPMS are evolved psychological mechanisms which are a set of processes within an organism, which are stored in the brain, have solved particular problems our ancestors faced, are elicited because of particular situations, and process environmental information.- EPMS exist in the form they do because it led to success during the time they were evolved.- Things that help us survive includes toddlers having an inborn propensity to learn language, jealously, and phobias toward dangerous animals.- EPMs are problem-specific, interpret small bits of information, rely on environmental input, must be triggered and input signals and adaptive problem like surviving, includes decision making rules about what to do and they result in particular psychological, physiological, behavioral, and/or cognitive reactions and are directed toward solutions for specific adaptive problems.Identify the four classes of adaptive problems and their theoretical components.- Survival and growth: Finding food and shelter and avoiding danger. Humans evolved adaptations to beat obstacles to survive. Obstacles includes climate, weather, food shortages, diseases, predators, etc.- Mating: Selecting, attracting and retaining a good mate. Trivers parental investment theory explains adaptations to unequal distribution of costs in parenting for men and women, investment in offspring that increases its chance of surviving/reproducing. Trivers theory of sexual selection explains how females typically invest more in offspring and will be more selective about mating. The sex that invests less in offspring will have to compete for sexual access. Due to paternity uncertainty, women are more likely to seek out long-term partners to help them parent while men are less likely to seek out long-term relationships and parenting opportunities. - Parenting: Raising children to adulthood and balancing needs of family members. Trivers parent-offspring conflict explains how children want more from their parents than their parents can give and that leads to conflict. Parent may share their resources to each offspring equally. Child may take more for him/herself at an expense to the sibling or parent. Parents must allocate their resources, if they obey their children requests regarding their ideal allocation of resources, it would take away from the parents opportunity to be reproductively successful. - Living in society: Helping kin and non-kin. Altruism is the concern for others. Trivers reciprocal altruism explains adaptations for providing benefits to non-relatives can evolve as long as the delivery of such benefits is reciprocated at some point in the future(both parties must benefit). Lecture 3 (January 28)Identify and describe the three components of the human psyche.- Id: Raw part of the personality and is the source of all psychic energy. Present from birth,includes primitive instincts and remains entirely unconscious. The libido operates on the pleasure principle, seeks instant gratification. For example, if a baby has to go pee, the baby will pee. - Ego: Rational and reasonable part of the personality. Develops around 2-3 years of age. Operates on the reality principle, seeks delayed gratification. Requires being psychologically healthy and having ego strength. It can operate in the unconscious, preconscious and the conscious. For example, if you are doing something you know isn’t appropriate (going pee in your pants), your ego will help you balance that urge (wait to pee until you get to a restroom).- Superego: You need to behave according to parental/cultural expectations. Develops around 5-6 years of age.