Ottoman Empire 1905-1914: 40,000 Jewish immigrants. WWI: Ottoman Empire falls, British takes over; the British promised Arab an independent state if they revolted against the Ottomans. This is when the shift from the Ottoman Empire occurs. Ottoman Empire had Ayans and a few Zionist.British created this in 1922 to supervise Muslim institutions in Palestine. Led by Haj Amin al-Husayni, from a leading ayan family. Supreme Muslim Council is an official British sponsored Arab organization.Preliminary defense force of the Jewish Agency. Created in 1920 in response to the first anti-Jewish riots (start of the AI conflict, Lieberman). Borrowed a lot of Western ideas as well. They were able to successfully about to defend their areas because of their learned tactics and also fought for the British in WWI.Arab revolt went through 3 stages.General strike in the cities, called on the poor 1937, British suppressed urban uprising. People living in slums are actually fighting. When the Jewish bought land, they kicked out the Arab land-dwellers…forcing them to live in urban slums.Violence shifted to the countryside: guerilla stages. 15,000 Palestinian guerillas controlled the countryside. British temporarily lost control of Palestine, sent in British soldiers and the Jewish militia who helped suppress the Palestinians.Class rivalries/family rivalries-violence erupted. By the time it was suppressed, Jews were really scared. Cooperation with the Arabs now seemed unrealistic, as Jabotinsky tried to tell them from the beginning.-British saw their pro-Zionist identity carried a burden. Britain’s alliance with the Zionist broken by White Paper of 1939.-Triumph and disaster for Arabs. Arab Revolt symbolized and helped to promote an Arab/Palestinian identity. No new Arabs Organization were created and the leaders were dead or jailed from the Revolt. The outcome of the revolt almost guaranteed the collapse of Palestinian society in 1948.Iron Wall idea: Jewish needed to exist behind an Iron Wall. He was a leader of a political group. Thought that Jews and Arabs were entirely incompatible. His philosophy was revisionist Zionism; he thought that there should be two completely different states. On top of that, even though revisionist Zionists knew the Arabs were tied to the land…thought that Arabs had other places to go to as well.Ayans (notable elite) dominated Palestinian society until it collapsed in 1948. Tensions arose between rich and poor Arabs. Caused by population pressure, Jewish evictions…also caused by Ayans who evicted tenants from their lands. So many Arabs not only blame the Jews but the Ayan class. Haj Amin al-Husayni was from 1 of 2 leading ayan family.1) Supreme Muslim Council: British created this in 1922 to supervise Muslim institutions in Palestine. Led by Haj Amin al-Husayni. People in Ayan families created most of these organizations. The drive towards western education, nationalist ideas, etc. always eventually reached the countryside but started in the cities. Also, the mufti of Jerusalem: Head of Muslim Christian Council.2) Palestinian leaders would have to accept the white paper and help the British implement it. Al-Husayni refused to accept the white paper---didn’t stop all immigration at once, didn't guarantee independent Arab state in 10 years (didn’t trust rebels), afraid he’d be assassinated by the rebels. Also opposed The Partition Plan-UN 1947 which gave majority of the land to Israel.3) Exiled after the Arab Revolt.4) WWII hurt the Arabs because many Palestinian leaders (Haj Amin al-Husayni) became close with Germany (Hitler). Wanted answers from Hitler to help get rid of the Jews. Many Arabs celebrated Nazi accomplishments. However, they were necessarily “friends”, business relationship. Problem was, the rest of the world knew about this relationship and had more and more sympathy for the Jews.Britain ended support for a Jewish national home. Now the Jewish was attacking the Arabs.Almost complete reversal in British policy between 1922 and 1939. Enemies became allies and allies became enemies.1939 WP Showed sympathy for Arab demands, offered best chance to reduce conflict. Two conditions needed to be realized but weren’t in order for the 1939 WP to work.Palestinian leaders would have to accept the white paper and help the British implement it. Al-Husayni refused to accept the white paper---didn’t stop all immigration at once, didn't guarantee independent Arab state in 10 years (didn’t trust rebels), afraid he’d be assassinated by the rebels. Slogan: “British into the sea and the Jews to their graves”. But they lost an opportunity to create an Arab-led state. No one the British could work with to help Palestine implement the policy. This was probably a great mistake. Arab %s: 1937: 75%. UN 1947: 45%. 1949: 22%. 1967: 0%. Currently: 10%.India worked with the British and was eventually able to take over their country.Jews to stop immigration and land purchases. As Nazi prepared to annihilate the Jews, they would never stop looking for refuge. 100s of Jews drowned at sea…and no country would help. 1938 Evian Conference in France, what’s going to happen to the Jews? US, France, UN, all refused to take in Jews. DR accepted Jews but only 800 got refuge. Heightening criticism of the British policy.Irgun was led by Menachim Begin. They had many a number of terrorist groups and imposed many acts of violence against the British; Jews were now in open revolt against the British. The Irgun policy was based on what was then called Revisionist Zionism founded by Ze'ev Jabotinsky. "The policy of the new organization was based squarely on Jabotinsky's teachings: every Jew had the right to enter Palestine; only active retaliation would deter the Arabs; only Jewish armed force would ensure the Jewish state".Early April 1948, Haganah began it’s first offensive. Changed momentum of the war soon overran all Arab villages and towns. Allowed for occupation of Arab towns and villages and when necessary, expulsion of local Arabs. This plan either accelerated or initiated the flight of over 700,000 Palestinians from their homes. Goal: drain them and make room for Jewish immigrants. If villagers resisted, they were to be expelled. If they obeyed, some Jewish officers still kicked them out even though they were meant to be left alone.Pres. Harry Truman (after FDR) believed God promised Israel its formation.Backed by Zionist, all Africa American leaders (Powell),