ArtH 1001 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Characters of Romanesque ArchitectureII. GothicIII. Principle Characters of Gothic ArchitectureIV. Paris, Cathedral of Notre DameV. Cathedral of ChartresVI. Reims, CathedralVII. Paris, SainteChapelleOutline of Current Lecture I. The Five Basic Messages of the QuranII. The Five Obligations of a Good MuslimIII. The Dome of the RockIV. The Great Mosque V. AlhambraCurrent LectureTitle:Islamic ArtProfessor:Catherine AsherReadings:Art through the Ages, Book C, pp. 283-305.D. Fairchild Ruggles, “The Eye of Sovereignty:Poetry and Vision in the Alhambra’s LindarajaMirador,” Gesta, 36, 1997, pp. 180-189.Terms:- Qur’an (Koran): Islam’s sacred book, composed of surahs (chapters), divided into verses (Book C, 285)- Mosaic: An Islamic decorative technique in which large ceramic panels are fired, cut into smaller pieces,and set in plaster (Book C, 299)- Miraj: Muhammad's miraculous ascension from Jerusalem, through the seven heavens, to the throne of God. The site from which he ascended is now the shrine of the Dome of the Rock- Calligraphy: Greek, “beautiful writing.” Hand-writing or penmanship, especially elegant writing as a decorative art (Book C, 466)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Tiraz: A tiraz band is a line of inscription on the upper sleeves of a robe or on a turban sas- Epigraphy: the study and interpretation of ancient inscriptions- Kufic: An early form of Arabic script, characterized by angularity, with the uprights forming almost right angles with the baseline (Book C, 294)- Qibla: The direction (toward Mecca) Muslims face when praying (Book C, 288, 289, 529)- Muqarnas: Stucco decorations of Islamic buildings in which stalactite-like forms break a structure’s solidity (Book C, 296)- Minbar: In a mosque, the pulpit on which the imam stands (Book C, 287, 288)- Mihrab: A semicircular niche set into the qibla wall of a mosque (Book C, 287, 288)Works:- Dome of the Rock, Umayyad, ca. 691 (Caliph Abd al-Malik), Jerusalem- Qur’an page, ink and gold on vellum, 9th or 10th century, Chester Beatty Library and Oriental Art Gallery, Dublin, Ireland- Samanid bowl, from Nishapur, painted and glazed earthenware, 10th century, Musée du Louvre, Paris- Suaire de Saint-Josse (Shroud of St. Josse), silk saddle cloth, 10th century (from the church of St. Josse-sur-Mer, Khurasan, Eastern Iran), Musée du Louvre, Paris- Great Mosque, 10th century (expanded), Cordoba, Spain- Al-Wasiti (written and illustrated by), Maqamat (The Assemblies) of al-Hariri, 1237, BibliothèqueNationale, Paris- Muhammad ibn al-Zayn, Baptistère de St. Louis, inlaid bronze basin (probably Syrian, ca. 1320-40, Musée du Louvre, Paris- Alhambra, mid-13th to late-14th centuries, Nasrid, Granada, SpainI. The Five Basic Messages of the Quran:1. There is no god but god2. The World is created and controlled by god3. God expects people to be good and generous4. God will bring all people before him on the Day of Judgment5. Muhammad is god’s final messengerII. The Five Obligations of a Good Muslim1. Profession of faith2. Hajj3. Pay the Poor Tax4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan5. Pray five times a day600CE- Muhammad begins receiving divine messages622CE- Muhammad goes to Mecca to Medina and this marks thebeginning of Islamic Calendar632CE- Muhammad diesThe message of Islam changes the nature of Arab tribal societyAfter Muhammad’s death from 632-661 period of elected successors known as CaliphsIII. The Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem 688-691)- Octagonal with single dome- Tiling- 16th century rendition - Original: gold- Interior:o Encircles a rocko Two ambulatories surrounding rocko Rock Spot where Abraham was about tosacrifice his son and received divinemessage to sacrifice a ram instead Mirage: spot where Abrahamascended to heaven- Mosaicso Small pieces of glass with gold gilt- Martyriumo The Tomb of ChristMosque- Mosques are oriented towards Mecca, so Muslims can pray facing MeccaIV. The Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain (10th Century Expansion)- Gradually increased over timeo Wall facing Mecca knocked down, expanded- Decorated in mosaic- Not a tradition indigenous to SpainPage from a Quran, 9th or 10th c Ink on vellum (cured animalskins)Minbar- where the imam stands to deliver sermonsMihrab- A niche that indicates the direction of MeccaSamanid Bowl- Ceramics- Shapes were inspired by Chinese ceramics- Islamic Decoration- “Knowledge is bitter-tasting at first, but in the endis sweeter than honey”Suaire de Saint-Josse (Shroud of St. Josse)Inscriptions- Name of ruling monarch (showingallegiance to king), wishing someone luck, etc.Saddle BagMaqamat (The Assemblies) of al-Hariri, illustratedmanuscript - Over 100 versions- Gives insight to Ceremony/Culture- Gives insight into Village Life- The shops attached to the mosque help support the mosque- Travelers using camelsBaptistére de St. Louis- Vessel used for Baptistry- Depicts people, fish on inside- Hunting activities depicted- Original purpose was to be used as a hand-washing vesselV. Alhambra, Granada, Spain, 14th century, Nasrid- Seen as a site of seduction/low morals- Alhambra was built over time- Series of pavilions, glued together by gardens- Inquisition- surrounded by Catholics, facing expulsion from Spaino Paradise, but also