ANSC 303 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Nutrient Analysis IIIa. Use of Nutrient Analysis Valuesb. Measurement of Feed and Nutrient Utilizationc. Grown and Production Trialsd. Digestibility Trialse. Apparent Digestibility f. Balance Trialsg. Rumen Digestion Techniquesi. Batch Trialsii. Continuous Fermentationiii. Nylon Bag Techniqueh. Surgical Proceduresi. Fisutlationii. Catheters in Veins or Arteries i. Determining Requirements – Growth TrialsII. Carbohydrates Ia. Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption Outline of Current Lecture I. Carbohydrates CHOII. Components of Feed CHOa. Cell Contentb. Cell WallIII. Classificationa. Monosaccharideb. Disaccharidec. Oligosaccharided. PolysaccharideIV. Monosaccharidea. IsomerismThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. CnH2nOni. Glucoseii. Fructoseiii. Galactoseiv. MannoseV. Disaccharidesa. Lactoseb. Sucrosec. Maltosed. CellobioseVI. Polysaccharidesa. Homopolysaccharidesb. HeteropolysaccharidesVII. Structural Non-CarbohydratesCurrent LectureI. Carbohydrates CHOA. Glucose C6H12O6B. C:H:O = 1:2:1C. Sources:a Sugarsb Starchesc Cellulosed Gumse Primarily from plantsD. Strict carnivores do not get a lot of CHOE. They rely more on fats and proteinsII. Components of Feed CHOA. Cell contenta Soluble sugarsb Pectinc Non-structural carbsd Digested by:i. Proteins ii. FermentationB. Cell Walla Structural carbsi. Celluloseii. Hemicelluloseb Indigestiblei. Ligninii. Not a CHOiii. Does not have C:H:O ratio 1:2:1III. ClassificationA. Monosaccharide a 1 sugar unitb GlucoseB. Disaccharidea 2 unitsb Begin to ask:i. How are you bondedii. Do I have the means to break that bond?C. Oligosaccharidea 3 - 10 bondsD. Polysaccharide a More than 10 bonds IV. MonosaccharidesA. Isomerisma Compounds with the same formula, but different configurationsb There are D forms and L formsi. D has the hydroxyl group on the rightii. L has the hydroxyl group on the lefiii. D is the natural form c There are α and β bondsB.CnH2 nOna Classified by the number of carbon atomsb 3 carbons = triosec 4 carbons = tetrodei. 5 and 6 carbons have nutritional importanced 5 carbons = pentosee 6 carbons = hexose i. Glucose1. Starch - cell contentA. Cellulose - cell wallB. Glycogen - muscles; they only way for the body to store glucose2. End component of CHO digestion3. Glucose is important to monogastrics; must be regulated ii. Fructose1. Not normal source of energy for animals and humans2. 75% sugar in honey 3. Fruit and cane sugariii. Galactose 1. Components of milk sugar (lactose)2. Metabolized by glucoseiv. Mannose1. Found in hydrolysis of plant mannsans and gums; legumesf Sugars with more than 4 carbons exist in ring formV. DisaccharidesA. 2 monosaccharides linked by a acetal bondB. Always ask:a What two sugars are linked?b How are they linked?C. Lactosea Glucose and galactoseb B 1-4 linkagec Found in milk d Lactase - enzymeD. Sucrosea Glucose and fructoseb A 1-4 linkagec Common - table sugard Found in:i. Sugar caneii. Sugar beetse Sucrase - enzymeE. Maltosea Glucose and glucoseb A 1-4 linkagec Barleyd Isomaltose similar, but it has a 1-6 linkageF. Cellobiosea Glucose and glucoseb B 1-4 linkage fundamental for cellulosec Does not exist freely in natured Can only be digested through fermentationVI. PolysaccharidesA. Homopolysaccharidesa One type of monosaccharides unitb Starch i. Basic unit: alpha-D-glucoseii. Principal sugar:1. Cereal 2. Animal storageiii. 3 forms:1. AmyloseA. Plant sourceB. Alpha 1-4 linkagesC. Straight chainD. Made up of maltose2. AmylopectinA. Plant sourceB. Alpha 1-4 linkages with a 1-6 linkages at branch pointsC. Branches occur less frequently than glycogen D. Glucose is the straight chainE. Isomaltose is the branch point c Glycogen i. Animal sourceii. The same as amylopectin, but there are more branch pointsd Cellulosei. Basic unit: beta-D-glucoseii. Straight chain: beta 1-4 linkageiii. Highly stableiv. Cotton is purest formv. Most abundant CHO in naturevi. Beta = strongest bondB. Heteropolysacharidesa Contains more than one type of sugar unitb Hemicellulosei. Complex mixture of:1. Glucose2. Mannose3. Arabinose4. Galactoseii. Beta 1-4 linkagesiii. Must be fermentediv. Principal component of cell wallv. Degraded only by microbial enzymesc Pectini. Requires fermentationii. Polymers of 1-4 linked glucoseiii. Degraded only by microbesiv. Found in space between cell wallsv. Acts as plant gluevi. Abundant in alternative foragesvii. Easy and rapidly digestedVII. Structural Non-CarbohydratesA. Lignina Polymers of phenylpropane unitsb Encases cellulose and hemicellulosec Lignin reduces digestibility dNo animal or bacteria can