KIN 492 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 5 Chapter 0 I Brief history of exercise physiology a European History i A V Hill England 1 Recognized for precise measurements of heat production during muscle contraction and recovery ii Otto Meyerhof Germany 1 Discovery of the relationship between consumption of oxygen and measurement of lactic acid in muscle iii August Krogh Denmark 1 Nobel prize for research on function of capillary circulation 2 Had major impact on many areas of investigation 3 Notably studies dealing with carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise 4 How cardiovascular and respiratory systems responses are controlled during exercise b Harvard Fatigue Laboratory i Professor L J Henderson organized laboratory to conduct physiological research on industrial hazards ii Dr David Bruce Dill was research director from 1927 1947 II Physiology Physical Fitness and Health a Between Civil War and WWI i PE primarily concerned with development and maintenance of fitness ii Many leaders in PE trained in medicine 1 Dr Dudley Sargent a Set up PE program with individual exercise prescriptions to improve person s structure and function to achieve prime physical condition b Early 1950 s i Present interest stimulated by two things 1 Autopsies of young soldiers killed during Korean War showed significant coronary artery disease has already developed 2 Hans Kraus showed that American children performed poorly on a minimal muscular fitness test compared to European children ii President Eisenhower initiated conference in 1955 resulting in formation of President s Youth Council on Youth Fitness 1 AAHPER developed Youth Fitness Test with National norms Chapter 2 I Homeostasis Dynamic Constancy a Homeostasis i Resting unstressed conditions ii Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment b Steady State i Not resting ii Denote a steady and unchanging level of some physiological variable II Control Systems of Body a Regulate some physiological variable at or near a constant variable III Nature of Control Systems a Biological control system i Series of interconnected components that maintain a chemical or physical parameter of the body near a constant value ii Three elements 1 Sensor or receptor 2 Control center 3 Effectors iii Stimulus 1 Signal to begin the operation of a control system 2 Excites a sensor iv Sensor 1 Receptor in body capable of detecting change in the variable in question 2 Sends message to control center v Control Center 1 Integrates the strength of the incoming signal 2 Sends appropriate message to effectors vi Effectors 1 Bring about the appropriate response to correct the disturbance IV Examples of Homeostatic Control a Regulation of body temperature b Regulation of blood glucose V Exercise A Test of Homeostatic Control a Muscular exercise presents a dramatic test of the body s homeostatic control systems because exercise has the potential to disrupt many homeostatic variables VI Exercise Improves Homeostatic Control Via Cellular Adaption a Adaption i Change in the structure and function of a cell or organ system that results in an improved ability to maintain homeostasis during stressful conditions b Acclimation i Improved function of an existing homeostatic system Chapter 3 I Bioenergetics a Metabolism i Total of all cellular reactions and includes chemical pathways that result in the synthesis of molecules anaerobic reactions as well as the breakdown of molecules catabolic reactions b Bioenergetics i Converting foodstuffs into biologically usable form of energy II High Energy Phosphates a Adenosine triphosphate ATP i Immediate source of energy for muscular contraction ii Be familiar with structure Figure 3 11 page 50 iii Consists of three main parts 1 Adenine portion 2 Ribose portion 3 Three linked phosphates iv ATP ADP Pi Energy 1 Catalyzed by ATPase v Called universal energy donor vi Couples energy released from breakdown of foodstuffs into usable form of energy required by all cells b Bioenergetics i Muscle cells store limited amounts of ATP ii Metabolic pathways must exist in the cell with the capability to produce ATP rapidly iii Three metabolic pathways know detailed steps of each 1 Formation of ATP by phosphocreatine PC breakdown a Anaerobic 2 Glycolysis a Formation of ATP via the degradation of glucose to glycogen b Anaerobic 3 Oxidative formation of ATP a Aerobic use of O2 iv Anaerobic ATP production 1 High intensity 2 Short duration 3 PC ADP ATP C a Catalyzed by creatine kinase 4 ATP PC system a Provides energy for muscular contraction at the onset of exercise and during short term high intensity exercise b Last less than 5 seconds 5 Glycolysis a Involves breakdown of glucose or glycogen to form two molecules of pyruvate lactate b Aerobic pathway used to transfer bond energy form glucose to rejoin Pi to ADP c Occurs in cytosol v Aerobic ATP Production 1 Steady state 2 Low to moderate intensity 3 Mitochondrion ATP production a Krebs Cycle b Electron Transport Chain c Oxidative phosphorylation i Electron chain transport ii Utilizes electron donors and electron acceptors to reform ATP Chapter 7 I Structure of Neuron a Three regions i Cell body ii Dendrites 1 Serve as receptive area that can conduct electrical impulses iii Axon 1 Nerve fiber 2 Carries electrical message away from cell body toward another neuron b Schwann Cells i Myelin forms discontinuous sheath ii Gaps between sheaths called Nodes of Ranvier c Larger the diameter of the axon greater the speed of neural transmissions i Axons with large myelin sheaths conduct impulses more rapidly than small nonmyelinated fibers d View figure 7 4 page 142 II Electrical Activity in Neurons a Action Potential i Depolarization with slight time delay causes brief increase in membrane permeability to potassium ii Potassium leaves cell rapidly making inside of membrane more negative iii Study Figure 7 10 pg 146 b All or None Law i If a nerve impulse is initiated impulse will travel the entire length of the axon w o decrease in voltage c Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission i Synapse 1 Small gap between the synaptic end foot of the presynaptic neuron and a dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron ii Acetylcholine 1 Neurotransmitter at nerve muscle junction 2 Opens channels that permit sodium to enter the nerve or muscle cell III Sensory Information and Reflexes a Proprioceptors i Receptors that provide CNS with information about body position ii Kinesthetic receptors 1 Muscle spindles 2 Golgi