PSYX 100 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I The Midbrain II The Forebrain III Thalamus IV Hypothalamus V Limbic System VI Cerebrum VII PNS VIII Spinal Cord IX Sensations and Perceptions X Psychophysics XI Subliminal Messaging Outline of Current Lecture I Light II The Eye III Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision IV Perception V Gestalt Psychology VI Types of Perception VII Culture Personality Mood Current Lecture I II The Stimulus Light a Color is a psychological interpretation not a physical attribute i Example an apple appears red but is not made of redness The Eye a Two purposes i To channel light into the neural tissue ii Houses neural tissue retina b Cornea window of the eye c Lens focuses light on the retina and accommodates the light d Optic nerve where the eyes connect to the brain e Retina neural tissue lining the back surface of the eye i Absorbs the light processes the image and then sends out a neural impulse These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute f III IV V VI Optic disk where axons from the retina to the brain converge i Hole in the retina where optic nerve fibers exit the eye resulting in a blind spot g The retina contains two types of receptors i Cones daylight vision and color 1 Fovea tiny spot in the center of the retina this is where visual activity is best ii Rods night time and peripheral vision Trichromatic theory of Color Vision a Proposes there are 3 types of receptors red green and blue b This theory is supported by color blindness and it explains the phenomenon of after images Perception a Allows us to incorporate our subjective experience b Previous experiences shape how we see things in the future and what we select to see in our environment c Reversible Figure i A drawing that is compatible with two interpretations that can switch back and forth ii Perceptual sets a readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way d Perceptual Heuristics strategies that provide best guesses about the stimulus object i Heuristics are typically useful shortcuts ii They are often adaptive but can lead to systematic errors e Feature Analysis detecting specific elements of visual input and assembling them into complex forms f Bottom up processing progression from individual elements to whole elements i Seeing R E D g Top down processing progression from whole to individual elements i Seeing RED h What we perceive in our environment is usually a combination of both top down and bottom up processing Gestalt Psychology a Formed in response to structuralism b Believed i The whole can be greater than the sum of the parts ii Focused on top down processing c Used heuristics as a best guess Types of Perception a Depth perception b Interpretation on how far or near things are c Binocular cues use both eyes VII i Retinal disparity if something is closer than 25 feet our eyes are perceiving it differently d Monocular cues uses one eye i Pictorial depth cues object moving across retina at different rates 1 A closer car coming at you on the freeway will look as if it is going faster e Linear perspective lines converge in the distance f Texture gradient as distance increases a texture gradually becomes denser and less distinct g Interposition the shapes of near objects overlap or mask those of more distant ones h Relative size if separate objects are expected to be of the same size the larger ones are seen as closer i Height in plane near objects are low in visual field more distant ones are higher up j Light and shadow patterns of light and dark suggest shadows that can create an impression of 3D forms k Perceptual constancy the experience of a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input Culture Personality and Mood a Our reality is more than likely different from the person next to us because our perception is based on different things such as i Personality factors ii Perspective iii Mood iv Past experience v Culture vi What we pay attention to around us b Other sensory systems i Hearing auditory system ii Taste gustatory sytem iii Smell olfactory system iv Touch somatosensation system
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